• 제목/요약/키워드: Release Guideline

검색결과 89건 처리시간 0.033초

국내 LP 및 천연가스사고 Database 구축 및 분석에 관한 연구 (Constructing a Database Structure for the Domestic LP Gas and Natural Gas Accidents and its Analysis)

  • 고재선;박선영;김효
    • 한국가스학회지
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.56-63
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구에서는 1991년부터 최근까지 16년간 발생된 3,593건의 가스사고[천연가스(NG) 및 액화석유가스(LPG)]사례를 수집하여 Database를 구축하였으며, 이를 근거로 사고의 발생건수를 형태 및 원인별로 분석하였다. 분석결과를 살펴보면 사고의 형태로는 누출, 폭발, 그리고 화재의 순서로 많이 발생하였다. 사고발생위치로는 화재는 밸브부위에서, 폭발은 호스부위에서, 그리고 누출은 배관부근에서 가스사고가 많이 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 화재, 폭발, 누출의 각각의 경우에 Poisson 분석법을 적용하여 향후 5년 이내의 화재, 폭발 및 누출에 대한 가장 가능성이 높은 발생확률을 예측하였다. 향후 본 연구에서 구축한 국내가스사고 Database를 매년 지속적으로 보완 개정을 하면 국내 가스사고 예측에 대한 보다 신뢰성 있는 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있어 효과적인 가스안전관리 대책수립에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

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시화호 인공습지에서 표층퇴적토의 오염물질 함량 분포와 제거효율 평가 (Distribution of Pollutant Content within Surface Sediment and Evaluation of Its Removal Efficiency in the Sihwa Constructed Wetland)

  • 최돈혁;최광순;김동섭;김세원;황인서;이미경;강호;김은수
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제31권9호
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    • pp.755-764
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    • 2009
  • 시화호 인공습지내 표층퇴적토에 의한 오염물질 제거효율을 평가하기 위하여 표층퇴적물내 물질함량과 퇴적토에 의한 오염물질의 용출여부를 조사하였다. 조사기간 동안 표층퇴적물의 COD, TOC, IL, TN, TP 함량은 각각 4.1~47.7 mg/g, 0.29~2.81%, 1.88~8.15%, 0.03~0.35%, 362~1,150 ${\mu}g$/g의 범위로 조사지점과 시기에 따라 차이를 보였다. 유기물과 TN 함량은 봄에 높고 시간이 지날수록 감소하는 경향을 보인 반면 TP 함량은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(3월${\geq}$5월${\geq}$7월${\geq}$9월, p=0.003 for COD, p=0.001 for TOC, p=0.017 for IL, p=0.015 for TN). 표층퇴적토의 중금속 함량은 As 3.5~13.9 ${\mu}g$/g, Cd 0.08~0.38 ${\mu}g$/g, Cr 51.8~107.0 ${\mu}g$/g, Cu 16.4~81.8 ${\mu}g$/g, Pb 26.8~81.8 ${\mu}g$/g, Zn 85~559 ${\mu}g$/g의 범위로 항목에 따라 상이한 시공간적인 분포를 보였다. 퇴적물환경기준으로 볼 때 유기물 함량은 대부분 기준 이하의 수준을 보인 반면 TN과 TP는 "중간오염" 또는 "심한 오염" 수준을 보였다. 그리고 중금속 함량은 Cd과 Pb을 제외한 모든 항목에서 퇴적물 환경기준으로 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 퇴적토의 용출실험 결과로부터 TN, Pb, Zn은 퇴적토에 의해 제거되는 반면 TP, Cd, Cu는 퇴적토로부터 용출되는 경향을 보였다. 그러므로 시화호 인공습지에서 표층퇴적토의 수질정화기능을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안수립이 필요하다.

고리 1호기의 잔류방사능 유도농도(DCGL)를 적용한 회색영역 설정과 핵종농도평가 (Designation the Gray Region and Evaluating Concentration of Radionuclide in Kori-1 by Using Derived Concentration Guideline Level)

  • 전여령;박상준;안석영;김용민
    • 한국방사선학회논문지
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.297-304
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    • 2018
  • 미국의 원전해체 지침서인 MARSSIM과 MARLAP에서는 의사결정 전 부지조사를 계획하고, 계획한 조사를 시행하는데 Data Life Cycle의 사용을 권장하고 있다. 부지조사 계획단계에서 설정되는 데이터품질목표(DQO)는 부지조사 수행 및 설계의 모든 측면에서 얻을 수 있는 데이터를 최선으로 활용하는 방법을 제시하고, 부지조사 계획을 체계화하여 공식적으로 중요한 의사결정을 내리는데 필요한 정보를 얻을 수 있도록 한다. DQO의 일곱 과정 중 5~7단계에서는 앞선 단계에서 수집한 정보를 이용하여 합리적이고 신뢰성있는 의사결정을 내릴 수 있도록 부지조사를 설계하는 과정이다. 이 과정 중 설정되는 회색영역은 관심핵종에 대한 조사단위의 평균농도가 실제로 DCGL을 초과하지 않음에도 불구하고, 초과한다고 판단하여 제염활동과 같은 추가적인 활동을 하도록 결정내리는 Type II 의사결정 오류로 인한 결과가 미약할 것으로 생각되는 농도범위로 정의된다. 회색영역은 부지에서 수집한 Sample에 속한 특정 핵종의 평균농도와, 규제한도로서 설정될 수 있는 잔류방사능 유도농도(DCGL)를 이용하여 정할 수 있다. 회색영역을 설정함으로써 가장 자원효율적으로 부지조사계획을 설정할 수 있으며 의사결정 오류에 대한 영향을 최소화 할 수 있다. 선행연구로 도출된 고리 1호기의 DCGL을 이용하여 회색영역을 설정하고, 이를 이용해 올바른 의사결정을 내릴 수 있도록 하는 Sample의 농도평가 방법을 제시하였다.

시클러 캡슐(세파클러 250 mg)에 대한 경보세파클러 캡슐의 생물학적동등성 (Bioequivalence of Kyongbocefaclor Capsule to Ceclor Capsule (Cefaclor 250 mg))

  • 조혜영;강현아;김세미;박찬호;오인준;임동구;문재동;이용복
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제35권1호
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    • pp.39-44
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cefaclor capsules, Ceclor (Lilly Korea Co., Ltd.) and Kyongbocefaclor (Kyongbo Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of cefaclor from the two cefaclor formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four healthy male subjects, $22.96{\pm}1.52$ years in age and $67.03{\pm}7.90$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ crossover study was employed. After one capsule containing 250 mg of cefaclor was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cefaclor in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Ceclor, were -1.90%, 2.68% and -7.60% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 $(e.g.,\;log0.91{\sim}log\;1.06\;and\;log0.92{\sim}log\;1.18\;for\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Kyongbocefaclor capsule was bioequivalent to Ceclor capsule.

타이레놀이알서방정(아세트아미노핀 650 mg)에 대한 타이리콜이알정의 생물학적동등성 (Bioequivalence of Tylicol ER Tablet to Tylenol® ER Tablet (Acetaminophen 650 mg))

  • 강현아;김동호;박선애;윤화;김경란;박은자;조혜영;이용복
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제36권3호
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    • pp.201-207
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    • 2006
  • Acetaminophen (paracetamol), a para-aminophenol derivative, has analgesic and antipyretic properties and weak anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two acetaminophen tablets, $Tylenol^{\circledR}$ ER (Janssen Korea Ltd.) and Tylicol ER (Hana Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of acetaminophen from the two acetaminophen formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIll Apparatus II method with pH 1.2 buffer solution. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $22.8{\pm}1.99$ years in age and $65.6{\pm}8.03$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 650 mg as acetaminophen was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of acetaminophen in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in pH 1.2 buffer solution. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Tylenol^{\circledR}$ ER, were 2.84, 1.89 and -1.36% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log $0.987{\sim}log$ 1.08 and log $0.944{\sim}log$ 1.17 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Tylicol ER tablet was bioequivalent to $Tylenol^{\circledR}$ ER tablet.

비유피-4 정(염산프로피베린 20 mg)에 대한 건일염산프로피베린 정의 생물학적동등성 (Bioequivalence of Kuhnil Propiverine Hydrochloride Tablet to BUP-4 Tablet (Propiverine Hydrochloride 20 mg))

  • 조혜영;박은자;강현아;백승희;김세미;박찬호;오인준;문재동;이용복
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제34권5호
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    • pp.419-425
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    • 2004
  • The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two propiverine hydrochloride tablets, BUP-4 (Jeil Pharm. Co., Ltd.) and Kuhnil Propiverine Hydrochloride (Kuhnil Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The propiverine release from the two propiverine hydrochloride formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with a variety of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solutions, water and blend of polysorbate 80 into pH 6.8). Twenty six healthy male subjects, $23.73{\pm}2.79$ years in age and $67.04{\pm}7.93\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\;{\times}\;2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 20 mg as propiverine hydrochloride was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of propiverine in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t,\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the BUP-4 were 0.17%, 7.98% and 4.55% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$. respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(0.88){\sim}log(1.l2)\;and\;log(0.90){\sim}log(1.l5)\;for\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max},\;respectively)$. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Kuhnil Propiverine Hydrochloride tablet was bioequivalent to BUP-4 tablet.

유한세프라딘 캅셀(세프라딘 500 mg)에 대한 브로드세프 캅셀의 생물학적 동등성 (Bioequivalence of Broadcef Capsule to Cefradine Yuhan Capsule (Cephradine 500 mg))

  • 조혜영;이석;강현아;오인준;임동구;문재동;이용복
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제32권3호
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    • pp.215-221
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    • 2002
  • Cephradine is a first generation cephalosporin and has broad spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, through inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cephradine is useful for treatment of infections of the urinary and respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cephradine capsules, Cefradine Yuhan (YuHan Corporation) and Broadcef (Ilsung Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The cephradine release from the two cephradine capsules in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty normal male volunteers, $23.10{\pm}2.90$ years in age and $67.69{\pm}8.04\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 500 mg as cephradine was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cephradine in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two cephradine capsules were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AVC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AVC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AVC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two capsules based on the Cefradine Yuhan were -2.87%, -0.96% and -4.85%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two capsules in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of 1og(0.8) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(0.93){\sim}log(1.02)\;and\;log(0.88){\sim}log(1.13)\;for \;AVC_t\;and\;C_{max},\;respectively)$. The 90% confidence interval using untransformed data was within ${\pm}20%$ $(e.g., \;-17.54{\sim}7.78\;for\;T_{max})$. All parameters met the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating that Broadcef capsule is bioequivalent to Cefradine Yuhan capsule.

뉴론틴 캡슐 300밀리그람(가바펜틴 300 mg)에 대한 건일가바펜틴 캡슐 300밀리그람의 생물학적동등성 (Bioequivalence of Kuhnil GabapentinTM Capsule 300 mg to NeurontinTM Capsule 300 mg (Gabapentin 300 mg))

  • 조혜영;강현아;박은자;오세원;문재동;이용복
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제35권3호
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    • pp.193-199
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    • 2005
  • Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug that is structurally similar to ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA), but does not interact with the GABA receptor. It does not bind significantly to plasma proteins, and is excreted to unchanged form in the urine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two gabapentin capsules, $Neurontin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg (Pfizer Pharm. Co., Ltd.) and Kuhnil $Gabapentin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg (Kuhnil Pharm. Co., Ltd), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of gabapentin from the two gabapentin formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty six healthy male subjects, $22.46{\pm}1.86$ years in age and $67.64{\pm}7.24$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single capsule containing 300 mg as gabapentin was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of gabapentin in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Neurontin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg, were -2.03, -0.43 and 4.29% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 $(e.g.,\;log\;0.89{\sim}log\;1.09\;and\;log\;0.91{\sim}log\;1.09$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Kuhnil $Gabapentin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg was bioequivalent to $Neurontin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg.

팜비어 정 250밀리그람(팜시클로버 250 mg)에 대한 팜시버 정의 생물학적동등성 (Bioequivalence of Famcivir Tablet to FamvirTM Tablet 250 mg (Famciclovir 250 mg))

  • 강현아;조혜영;오인준;이명희;이용복
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.295-301
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    • 2005
  • Famciclovir is an oral prodrug of the antiherpesvirus nucleoside analogue, penciclovir. In human, famciclovir is orally well absorbed and then undergoes extensive first pass metabolism to penciclovir and essentially no parent compound is recovered from plasma or urine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two famciclovir tablets, $Famvir^{TM}$ tablet 250 mg (Novartis Korea Ltd.) and Famcivir (Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of famciclovir from the two famciclovir formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with water. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $24.19{\pm}2.08$ years in age and $71.55{\pm}6.89$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 250 mg as famciclovir was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of penciclovir in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at water. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Famvir^{TM}$ tablet 250 mg, were -2.93, -8.02 and 10.47% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log0.8 to log1.25 (e.g., $log0.92{\sim}log1.01$ and $log0.85{\sim}log1.00$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Famcivir was bioequivalent to $Famvir^{TM}$ tablet 250 mg.

팜비어 정 750밀리그람(팜시클로버 750밀리그람)에 대한 팜시버 정 750밀리그람의 생물학적동등성 (Bioequivalence of Famvir Tablet 750 mg to Famcivir Tablet 750 mg (Famciclovir 750 mg))

  • 김세미;윤화;류희두;김경란;강현아;조혜영;이용복
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제38권3호
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    • pp.199-205
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    • 2008
  • Famciclovir, 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-1-yl) guanine, is an oral prodrug of the antiherpesvirus nucleoside analogue, penciclovir. In human, famciclovir is orally well absorbed and then undergoes extensive first pass metabolism to penciclovir and essentially no parent compound is recovered from plasma or urine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two famciclovir tablets, Famvir tablet 750 mg (Novartis Korea Ltd.) and Famcivir tablet 750 mg (Hanmi Pharmaceutical. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of famciclovir from the two famciclovir formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with water. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $23.38{\pm}1.72$ years in age and $68.59{\pm}7.84\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 750 mg as famciclovir was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of penciclovir in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations ere similar at water. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Famvir^{(R)}$ tablet 750 mg, were -0.53%, 1.12% and -24.82% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log\;0.9569{\sim}log\;1.0423$ and $log\;0.8763{\sim}log\;1.2136$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Famcivir tablet 750 mg was bioequivalent to Famvir tablet 750 mg.