• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2003

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the energy expenditure and the physiological response among two groups by percent body fat(group A: 30-35% body fat, B: 35-40% body fat) to walking and running at several equivalent speeds. Subjects in group A and B followed A group(mean$\pm$SD, age; 24.0$\pm$0.4yrs, body fat; 32.3$\pm$0.7) and B group (age; 25.2$\pm$0.7yrs, body fat; 36.7$\pm$0.9). The walking and running protocol consisted of treadmill speeds for five min at each of the following speeds: 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 km.$hr^{-1}$. The obtained data reveal in group A, the rate of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure was higher during walking compared to running ate treadmill speeds $\geq$ 6.6km.$hr^{-1}$. In group 5, the rate of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure was higher during walking compared to running ate treadmill speeds $\geq$ 6.8km.$hr^{-1}$. Heart rates and respiratory exchange ratio were higher at treadmill speeds $\geq$5.8 in group A and $\geq$5.5 in group B. these findings demonstrated that a difference of percent body fat in obese women have no large effect on energy efficiency of walking, but walking within speeds 6.5~7.0km/hr resulted in rates of energy expenditure that were as high or higher than jogging at the same speeds even though the relative stress was greater during walking.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.653-662
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• 2011

As technology in 3D industry has rapidly advanced, a lot of studies primarily focusing on visual function and cognition have become vigorous. However, studies on effect of 3D visual fatigue on autonomic nervous system have not less been conducted. Thus, this study was to identify and determine the effect that might have a negative influence on sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and cardiovascular system. Fifteen undergraduates (female: 9, mean age: $22.53{\pm}2.55$) participated and were sat on a comfortable chair, viewing a 3D content during about 1 hour. Cardiac responses like SDNN(standard deviation of RR intervals), RMS-SD(root mean squared successive difference), and HF/LF ratios extracted from the measured PPG(Photo-PlethysmoGram) before viewing 3D were compared to those after viewing 3D. The results showed that after subjects watched the 3D, responses in sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system were activated and deactivated, respectively relative to those before watching the 3D. The results showed that HF/LF ratio, Ln(LF), and Ln(HF) after viewing 3D were significantly reduced relative to those before viewing 3D. No significant effects were observed in SDNN and RMS-SD. Results obtained in this study showed that visual fatigue induced by watching 3D adversely influenced autonomic nervous system, and thereby reduced heart rate variability causing sympathetic nervous acceleration.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.75-85
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• 2006

This study was designed to evaluate the possible DNA damaging effects of T-2 toxin using an alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) comet assay and also to investigate toxic effects in chickens. A total of 20 chickens were used in these experiments. Graded concentrations of dietary T-2 toxin (0, 4, 8, and $16{\mu}g/g$ of diet) were given to groups of 5 broiler chickens. In comet assay, The DNA damage was analysed by the tail extent moment (TEM) and tail length (TL), which were used as markers of DNA strand breaks in SCGE. A significant dose-dependent increase in the extent of DNA migration as well as in the percentage of cells with tails was observed after treatment with T-2 toxin (P<0.05). Treatment with the low T-2 toxin ($4{\mu}/g$ of diet) induced a relatively low level of DNA damage in comparison with the high T-2 toxin ($16{\mu}/g$ of diet) group. The growth rate was significantly reduced by concentrations of 8, and $16{\mu}/g$ of diet (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio were significantly affected by any concentrations (P < 0.05). The relative weight of the spleen, and lung was decreased by the growth inhibitory concentrations. The bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and kid- ney were decreased in relative weight by concentrations of $16{\mu}/g$ of diet. The relative weight of the liver and heart were unaffected. The hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were decreased at concentration of $16{\mu}/g$ of diet. As compared with control chickens, there was no marked change in serum components except uric acid in T-2 treated chickens. All lymphoid tissues retained atrophic and lymphoid cell depletion throughout the three weeks trial.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.85-102
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• 1973

In the event a population of animals is exposed to ionizing radiation, proper disposition of animals will minimize loss to the farmer and protect the public from unwholesome meat and dairy products. Clinical response is an important factor in considering salvage of animals for food following exposure to ionizing radiation whether the dose is lethal or not. It is the purpose of this report to present the discussions of blood picture and growth of y ung growing rabbits exposed to cobalt-60 gamma-irradiation. The experimental animals were Hyrnalayan rabbits of 65 days old. The body weight for all animals of the time of irradiation was approximately 450g. The 96 rabbits used in the experiment were allotted t groups of eight. Rabbits in one group served as controls and the others were exposed to single doses of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 Roentgens (R). The exposure does rate averaged 15 R per minute. Central blood was obtained by heart puncture. Erythrocyte and leukocyte enumerations and, determinations of hemoglobin in blood and hematocrit value were made in the usual manner. Erythrocyte counts, concentrations of hemoglobin in blood, and hematocrit readings dropped to the lowest value between 1 and 4 weeks postirradiation, returning towards the control values. But recovery was not complete at the time of the last determination on 6 weeks postirradiation. There was a progressive decrease with increasing radiation does in the above values. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were not affected by the irradiation. After irradiation of each does the numbers of total leukocyte and the absolute numbers of various types of white cell began to decrease rapidly, and reached a minimum after 2 weeks, returning towards normal levels. But recovery was not complete at the time of the last determination on 6 weeks postirradiation. The reductions in total leukocyte and differential counts as the radiation does increases were apparent. Relative neutrophilia was observed in each irradiated group because of more expense of lymphocytes after irradiation. Growth rate of the rabbits was not affected by 100 R of whloe-body irradiation, while rabbits irradiated with 200, 300, 400 and 500 R showed marked depression of growth rate. As the radiation does increases, a depression of growth rate was apparent. The rabbits exposed to 600 and 700 R ceased from growing and recovery was not recognized during the experimental period.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two kinds of underwear material on subjects exercising and resting in an ambient temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, a relative humidity of 60% and an air velocity of 0.13m $see^{-1}$. Two kinds of underwear ensemble were tested, differing in their hygroscopic properties: 100% wool (W) with higher moisture regain and 100% cotton (C) with lower moisture regain. Five young females served as subjects. The experiments comprised two repeated periods of 15 min exercise on a treadmill with a speed of 6km $h^{-1}$ followed by 10 min rest. The main results were as follows: 1) Mean skin temperature was significantly higher in W than in C throughout the whole experimental period (p<0.05). 2) The temperature and humidity of the microclimate between the skin and underwear provided by the first layer of clothing was higher in W than in C (p<0.1 and p<0.05, for temperature and humidity, respectively). 3) Heart rate was significantly higher in W than in C (p<0.05). 4) Subjects felt warmer during the second exercise session when wearing wool rather than cotton (p<0.05), and they also reported more increased wetness during the second exercise and rest periods in W than in C (p<0.05). These results suggest that underwear made of wool with higher moisture regain might not act as effectively as cotton to transfer exercise-induced heat from the body to the surrounding air when light exercise is taken in a thermally-neutral environment.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.227-236
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• 1985

In an attempt to make a scrutiny into a mechanism for the formation of quaternary structure of LDH isozymes, male mice were intraperitoneally exposed to a wide range of tetrodotoxin concentration and the changes in relative percentage of the five isozymes were monitored by electrophoresis and subsequent densitometry. The observations that a conspicuous increase of the $H_4$ isozyme was demonstrated in nearly all brain tissues, that the $M_4$ isozyme of skeletal muscle tissue was slightly increased while the $M_3H$ and $M_2H_2$ isozymes were decreased, that the M/H ratio was strikingly reduced in heart tissue and that assembly of $H_4$ isozyme was revealed in liver tissue although its rate was extremely low suggest that new intracellular ionic environment established by compulsory change in Donnan equilibrium could alter the LDH isozyme distribution. The reduction of assembly of $M_3H$ isozyme found in mouse tissues exposed to tetrodotoxin also seems to suggest that the subunit combination of 3M+H is very unfavorable in an intracellular environment deviated from its accustomed one. It was reaffirmed that there might occur TTX-insensitive sodium channels in plasma membrane.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.497-509
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• 1988

Current therapy of aortic dissections remains unstandardized because of the relative rarity of these catastrophic events and conflicting reported results of various therapeutic strategies. Hence, we reviewed our current results and planned to purify our method of interpretation of results and so, to standardize therapeutic managements. This study comprised unselected, consecutive 27 patients with aortic dissections who were operated at Seoul National University Hospital from Jan 1983 to March 1988. The results from analysis of their preoperative, operative and postoperative finding were as follows: 1] 7 patients had acute type A, 14 had chronic type A, 4 had acute type B, and 2 had chronic type B. 2] The causes of dissections were unclear, but 8 patients had Marfan`s syndromes, 2 had previous operative histories on cardiovascular systems and 2 had congenital heart diseases. 3] Multiple preoperative variables were found to correlate significantly with operative mortality and complications. The prevalences of such preoperative major complicating factors were significantly more frequent in acute than chronic [P < 0.05] and type A than type B [P < 0.01]. 4] Operations were performed according to the type of the dissections and whether it was acute or chronic. Usually dacron tube graft replacements were performed[25/26]. Intraluminal sutureless graft replacement was performed in 11 patients. Of the 14 patients with combined aortic regurgitation, concomitant aortic valve resuspension in 4, seperative aortic valve replacement in 1, and aortic valve replacement with coronary reimplantation were performed in 9 patients. 2 patients had concomitant arch vessel managements. 5] Over-all operative mortality rate was 33% and 54% for acute type A, 25% for acute type B, 29% for chronic type A, 0% for chronic type B respectively. The main causes of operative mortality were cardiovascular complications [mainly CPB-weaning failure] in acute cases and hemorrhagic complications in chronic cases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2955-2960
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• 2012

Background: Health disparities exist among and within countries, while developing and low income countries suffer more. The aim of this study was to quantify cancer disparities with regard to socioeconomic position (SEP) in 22 districts of Tehran, Iran. Method: According to the national cancer registry, 7599 new cancer cases were recorded within 22 districts of Tehran in 2008. Based on combined data from census and a population-based health equity study (Urban HEART), socioeconomic position (SEP) was calculated for each district. Index of disparity, absolute and relative concentration indices (ACI & RCI) were used for measuring disparities in cancer incidence. Results: The overall cancer age standardised rate (ASR) was 117.2 per 100,000 individuals (120.4 for men and 113.5 for women). Maximum ASR in both genders was seen in districts 6, 3, 1 and 2. Breast, colorectal, stomach, skin and prostate were the most common cancers. Districts with higher SEP had higher ASR (r=0.9, p<0.001). Positive ACI and RCI indicated that cancer cases accumulated in districts with high SEP. Female disparity was greater than for men in all measures. Breast, colorectal, prostate and bladder ASR ascended across SEP groups. Negative ACI and RCI in cervical and skin cancers in women indicate their aggregation in lower SEP groups. Breast cancer had the highest absolute disparities measure. Conclusion: This report provides an appropriate guide and new evidence on disparities across geographical, demographic and particular SEP groups. Higher ASR in specific districts warrants further research to investigate the background predisposing factors.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal and subjective comfort of various pesticide-proof clothes made from different material. Seven male adults took part in the study, conducted in a climate-chamber controlled with an ambient temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ and a relative humidity of 60%RH. The thermal and subjective responses of subjects wearing pesticide-proof clothing made of Goretex(coating treatment), polyester (water-repellent treatment), non-woven(coating) and nylon(coating) were measured. The main results were summarized as follows: (1) Change of rectal temperature and clothing microclimate were inhibited more effectively in pesticide-proof clothing made of Goretex, polyester and non-woven than nylon materials. (2) Mean skin temperature at the end of the experiment was significantly higher in subjects who wore nylon than non-woven and Goretex, and was lowest in those with pesticide-proof clothing made of polyester. (3) Change of heart rate was significantly lower in subjects with Goretex and polyester clothiing than those with non-woven, and in those with nylon, it was highest. (4) Subjective comfort was greater in subjects with Goretex, polyester and nonwoven clothing than nylon, except for thermal sensation. Thermal sensation was greater in order of polyester, Goretex, non-woven and nylon. Thus, it was concluded that pesticide-proof clothing made of Goretex, polyester and non-woven material could reduce thermal stress during the spraying of pesticides in summer.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2013

Purpose: Anorectal malformations are often associated with other anomalies, reporting frequency with 40-70%. Gastrointestinal anomalies have been known to be relatively less common than associated anomalies of other organ system. This study was performed to assess a distinctive feature of cases associated with esophageal atresia. Methods: Clinical data (from January 2000 through December 2011) on the 196 subjects with anorectal malformations, managed in our Hospital, were reviewed. Total 14 neonates were identified with accompanying esophageal atresia and retrospective analysis was conducted. Results: The incidence was 7.1% and there were 8 male and 6 female subjects. Only 2 cases were associated with esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula. Although variable cases of anorectal malformation in female subjects, almost cases were anorectal malformations with rectourethral fistula in male. Other associated anomalies were identified in all cases, with more than 3 anomalies in 10 cases. There were 4 VACTERL (Vertebral abnormalities, Anal atresia, Cardiac anomalies, Tracheoesophageal fistula, Esophageal atresia, Renal and Limb anomalies) associations accounting for 28.6%, but could not identify chromosomal anomaly. Most cases were managed with staged procedure, usually primary repair of esophageal atresia and diverting colostomy. Overall mortality rate was 21.4%, mainly caused by heart problems. Conclusion: This study shows that early diagnosis and rational surgical approach with multidisciplinary plan are mandatory in managing anorectal malformations with esophageal atresia, when considering a high frequency of associated anomaly and a relative high mortality.