• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.163-174
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• 2024

Dynamic equilibrium equations for finite element analysis were derived for the free field one-dimensional shear wave propagation through the horizontally layered soil deposits with the elastic half-space. We expressed Rayleigh's viscous damping consisting of mass and stiffness proportional terms. We considered two cases where damping matrices are defined in the total and relative displacement fields. Two forms of equilibrium equations are presented; one in terms of total motions and the other in terms of relative motions. To evaluate the performance of new equilibrium equations, we conducted two sets of site response analyses and directly compared them with the exact closed-form frequency domain solution. Results show that the base shear force as earthquake load represents the simpler form of equilibrium equation to be used for the finite element method. Conventional finite element procedure using base acceleration as earthquake load predicts exact solution reasonably well even in soil deposits with unrealistically high damping.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.210-222
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• 2017

Purpose: To develop a novel combination of controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) with integrated SSFP (CAIPI-iSSFP) for accelerated SSFP imaging without banding artifacts at 3T. Materials and Methods: CAIPI-iSSFP was developed by adding a dephasing gradient to the balanced SSFP (bSSFP) pulse sequence with a gradient area that results in $2{\pi}$ dephasing across a single pixel. Extended phase graph (EPG) simulations were performed to show the signal behaviors of iSSFP, bSSFP, and RF-spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) sequences. In vivo experiments were performed for brain and abdominal imaging at 3T with simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) acceleration factors of 2, 3 and 4 with CAIPI-iSSFP and CAIPI-bSSFP. The image quality was evaluated by measuring the relative contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and by qualitatively assessing banding artifact removal in the brain. Results: Banding artifacts were removed using CAIPI-iSSFP compared to CAIPI-bSSFP up to an SMS factor of 4 and 3 on brain and liver imaging, respectively. The relative CNRs between gray and white matter were on average 18% lower in CAIPI-iSSFP compared to that of CAIPI-bSSFP. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that CAIPI-iSSFP provides up to a factor of four acceleration, while minimizing the banding artifacts with up to a 20% decrease in the relative CNR.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.283-291
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the head and tibial acceleration signal magnitudes, and their powers and shock attenuations between flat-footed and normal-footed running. Methods : Ten flat-footed and ten normal-footed subjects ran barefoot on a treadmill with a force plate at 3.22m/s averaged from their preferred running speed using heel-toe running pattern while the head and tibial acceleration in the vertical axis data was collected. The accelerometers were sampled at 2000 Hz and voltage was set at 100 mv, respectively. The peak magnitudes of the head and tibial acceleration signals in time domain were calculated. The power spectral density(PSD) of each signal in the frequency domain was also calculated. In addition to that, shock attenuation was calculated by a transfer function of the head PSD relative to the tibia PSD. A one-way analysis of variance was used to determine the difference in time and frequency domain acceleration variables between the flat-footed and normal-footed groups running. Results : Peaks of the head and tibial acceleration signals were significantly greater during flat-footed group running than normal-footed group running(p<.05). PSDs of the tibial acceleration signal in the lower and higher frequency range were significantly greater during flat-footed running(p<.05), but PSDs of the head acceleration signal were not statistically different between the two groups. Flat-footed group running resulted in significantly greater shock attenuation for the higher frequency ranges compared with normal-footed group running(p<.05). Conclusion : The difference in impact shock magnitude and frequency content between flat-footed and normal-footed group during running suggested that the body had different ability to control impact shock from acceleration. It might be conjectured that flat-footed running was more vulnerable to potential injury than normal-footed running from an impact shock point of view.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2012

In head sea, a ship has mainly the longitudinal motion such as vertical acceleration and pitch. In that case, the motion characteristics of a ship will have changed as the location different from each of place vertically and horizontally on board. The author carried out an experiment about the ship's vertical acceleration and pitch according to the location for the head sea, and analyzed the data with the aid of the statistical and spectral analyzing method to get the motion characteristics of the vessels. The response of vertical acceleration and pitch not deeply depend on the decks vertically, but displayed the relative big different value horizontally even if same deck. The biggest response of vertical acceleration and pitch among the accommodations was shown at scientist room, but the value of it not reached to the minimum requirement of ISO 2631-1 for working on board.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.166-173
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• 2002

The wheel bearing hub unit is developed type of wheel bearing unified with the hub parts. It has advantage of reducing the weight and the number of components. And, it also improves uniformity of manufacturing quality, In order to design the wheel bearing hub units, many techniques are used such as load analysis, structure analysis and bearing characteristics analysis and so forth. These techniques need highly accurate load conditions founded on service conditions. In this study, to design the wheel bearing hub units used widespread in passenger cars, the service load was measured through driving tests on the public roads and in the special events. The public roads are classified into highway, intercity road, rural road, urban road, and unpaved road so as to know what the characteristics of the road loads are. The results of the tests showed that the wheel force was relative to the lateral acceleration, and also could be calculated from the lateral acceleration. The lateral acceleration was measured from 0.0G to 0.6G in general driving on the public roads, with different distributions in each road type. In special events, the maximum lateral acceleration was measured from 0.8G to 1.3G.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.47-60
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• 1999

건축구조물의 진동제어 시스템의 안정성과 효율성은 대상 시스템의 수학적 모델의 정확성에 크게 좌우 된다. 본 연구에서는 3층의 축소 건물모델과 소형 AMD(active mass damper)를 대상으로 각각의 상태방정식 모델을 시간영역에서의 시스템 식별 기법인 OKID(observer/Kalman filter identification)를 대상으로 각각의 상태방정식 모델을 시간영역에서의 시스템 식별 기법인 입력과 AMD의 이동질량체의 설치층에 대한 상대가속도 입력에 대하여 시스템 식별을 개별적으로 수행한 뒤 두 개의 상태방정식을 모델 응축 과정을 통해 통합하였다. AMD의 시스템 식별은 모터제어 신호를 입력으로 AMD 이동질량의 설치층에 대한 상대가속도를 출력으로 선정하여 수행하였으며 큰 감쇠비와 위상지연 현상을 확인할 수 있었다 결과적으로 얻어진 건물 모델 및 AMD의 이동질량의 설치층에 대한 상대가속도를 출력으로 선정하여 수행하였으며 큰 감쇠비와 위상지연 현상을 확인할수 있었다. 결과적으로 얻어진 건물 모델 및 AMD의 상태방정식 모델로부터 재구성한 전달함수와 시간이력은 실험에서의 측정치와 잘 일치하였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.265-275
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 매립지에서 사용되고 있는 토목섬유 (지오멤브레인, 지오텍스타일, 토목섬유 점토 차수재) 사이의 동적 접촉 마찰 특성을 평가하기 위해서 진동대 실험을 실시하였다. 동적 하중하에서 진동대와 하부에 토목섬유가 부착된 상자의 가속도, 이들 사이의 상대적 변위를 측정하였으며, 연직응력, 진동 주파수, 건조/수침 상태가 접촉면의 동적 거동 특성에 미치는 영향도 알아보았다. 실험 결과를 통해 동적하중이 감쇠없이 토목섬유 사이를 통과하는 한계 가속도가 존재함을 확인하였으며, 이를 이용하여 토목섬유 사이의 동적 접촉 마찰각을 산정할 수 있었다. 접촉면에서의 상대 변위는 접촉면의 형태와 건조/수침 상태에 따라 다르게 측정되었다. 각 토목섬유 접촉면에 대한 최대 상대변위는 무차원으로 정규화시켜, 가속도와 최대 미끄러짐 사이의 관계식을 구하였다. 이 식을 이용하면 주어진 가속도와 주파수에서, 토목섬유 사이를 따라 발생되는 최대 미끄러짐의 크기를 예측할 수 있다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.719-722
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• 2002

Cylindrical cam mechanisms are used commonly in many automatic machinery. But the cylindrical cam is very difficult to design and manufacture the shape. The motion analysis of the cylindrical cam can check the accuracy between designed data and manufactured data of the cam shape and can reproduce without the cam design data. The motion analysis of the cylindrical cam consists of displacement analysis, velocity analysis and acceleration analysis. This paper performs the motion analysis of a cylindrical cam with translating follower by using a relative velocity method and a central difference method. The displacement is calculated by using the central difference method and the velocity is calculated by the relative velocity method. The relative velocity method is defined by the relative motion between follower and cam at a center of a follower roller. The central difference method is derived in the 3 dimensional space.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2001

This paper presents results km a series of model tests oil vertically loaded single piles to compare the behaviors of H and pipe piles under the same ground condition. The aims of this paper were to compare the bearing capacity of H-pile md pipe piles under in the same ground condition and to estimate the effect of gravity acceleration and relative soil density. Relative density of soil were made to be 40%, 80% and embedded length of pile on sand was increased by 10, 12, 14, 16 times of the diameter of pile, respectively. As a results of test series, allowable load of H-pile is from 6.4% to 18.2% larger than allowable load of pipe pile in relative density 80% and from 9.1% to 39.4% larger than allowable load of pipe pile in relative density 40%. As a results of numerical analysis, we were predicted behaviour of stress-displacement of pile with model test. In the case of relative density 80% and 40%, bearing capacity of H pile represent from 17.74% to 18.6% larger than allowable load of pipe pile.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.130-135
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• 2001

In this paper, an observer-based adaptive controller is proposed to control the longitudinal motion of vehicles. The standard gradient method will be used to estimate the vehicle parameters, mass, time constant, etc. The nonlinear model between the driving force and the vehicle acceleration will be chosen to design the state observer for the vehicle velocity and acceleration. It will be shown that the proposed observer is exponentially stable, and that the adaptive controller proposed on this paper is stable. It will be proved that the errors of the relative distance, velocity and acceleration converge to zero asymptotically fast, and that the overall system is also asymptotically stable. The simulation results are presented to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method.