• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.263-275
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• 2016

Objective: This paper introduces the regulatory oversight approaches and issues to consider in the course of safety culture oversight model development in the nuclear field. Common understanding on regulatory oversight and present practices of international communities are briefly reviewed. The nuclear safety culture oversight model of Korea is explained focusing on the development of safety culture definition and components, and their basic meanings. Oversight components are identified to represent the multiple human and organizational elements which can affect and reinforce elements of defense in depth system for nuclear safety. Result of validation study on safety culture components is briefly introduced too. Finally, the results of the application of the model are presented to show its effectiveness and feasibility. Background: The oversight of nuclear licensee's safety culture has been an important regulatory issue in the international community of nuclear safety regulation. Concurrent with the significant events that started to occur in the early 2000s and that had implications about safety culture of the operating organizations, it has been natural for regulators to pay attention to appropriate methods and even philosophy for intervening the licensee's safety culture. Although safety culture has been emphasized for last 30 years as a prerequisite to ensure high level of nuclear safety, it has not been of regulatory scope and has a unique dilemma between external oversight and the voluntary nature of culture. Safety culture oversight is a new regulatory challenge that needs to be approached taking into consideration of the uncontrollable aspects of cultural changes and the impacts on licensee's safety culture. Although researchers and industrial practitioners still struggle with measuring, evaluating, managing and changing safety culture, it was recognized that efforts to observe and influence licensees' safety culture should not be delayed. Method: Safety culture components which regulatory oversight will have to focus on are developed by benchmarking the concept of physical barriers and introducing the defense in depth philosophy into organizational system. Therefore, this paper begins with review of international regulatory oversight approaches and issues associated with the regulatory oversight of safety culture, followed by the development of oversight model. The validity of the model was verified by statistical analysis with the survey result obtained from survey administration to NPP employees in Korea. The developed safety culture oversight model and components were used in the "safety culture inspection" activities of the Korean regulatory body. Results: The developed safety culture model was confirmed to be valid in terms of content, construct and criterion validity. And the actual applicability in the nuclear operating organization was verified after series of pilot "safety culture inspection" activities. Conclusion: The application of the nuclear safety culture oversight model to operating organization of NPPs showed promising results for regulatory tools required for the organizations to improve their safety culture. Application: The developed oversight model and components might be used in the inspection activities and regulatory oversight of NPP operating organization's safety culture.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.426-436
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• 2024

Nuclear security has been emphasized to ensure the safety of the environment and humans, as well as to protect nuclear materials and facilities from malicious attacks. With increasing utilization of nuclear energy and emerging potential threats, there has been a renewed focus on nuclear security. Korea has made efforts to enhance the regulatory oversight processes, both for general and specific legislative systems. While Korea has demonstrated effective nuclear security activities, continuous efforts are necessary to maintain a high level of security and to improve regulatory efficiency in alignment with international standards. In this study, the comprehensive regulatory oversight framework for the security of Korean nuclear facilities has been investigated. For reference, the U.S. regulatory oversight frameworks for nuclear facilities, with a focus on nuclear security, and the motivations of changes in regulatory oversight framework have been identified. By comparing these regulatory programs and frameworks, insights and considerations for enhancing nuclear security regulations have been identified. A comprehensive security inspection program tailored for the Korean regulatory oversight framework has been proposed, and has been preliminarily applied to hypothetical conditions for further discussion.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2016

Background: Oversight on the bioethical compliance of national R&D projects or research personnel is currently conducted exclusively by IRB (Institutional Review Board) within the relevant research institute. Considering current state of affairs in Korea, there is an imperative to establish a national oversight system for bioethical compliance, conduct comprehensive oversight on bioethical compliance of national R&D projects, and enhance subject protection system. Methods: We examined opinions from researchers and IRB personnels regarding ethical oversight system on R&D projects. Additionally, we looked at IRB assessment by KAIRB (Korea Association of Institutional Review Board) in order to identify status and problems with current IRB system in Korea. Assessment was also done for four other countries (US, UK, Germany, Singapore) through in-person visits as well as surveys in writing for a total of 6 months (2012.12.1~2013.5.31). The research comprised of two aspects: system management and R&D project audit. Based on this, we examined current status and problems of the existing system in Korea and made recommendations for improvement. Results: Regulatory objectives and backgrounds of biomedical researches are different from each country due to different characteristics of bioethical oversight system. This shows that each country sets up its own regulations and procedures to fit each situation. Bioethical compliance oversight system greatly varied between the countries. From this study, it can be seen that improvement of existing procedures and oversight system or establishment of new ones are essential in Korea. Conclusion: In terms of system management, a dedicated government organization need to be established for bioethical compliance, subject protection, IRB inspection, training, evaluation, and certification of systems, and also support for IRB e-system. Regarding R&D project oversight, it is essential to confirm IRB review results before start of a research, to conduct a review on ethical aspects of research plans, and to carry out continued oversight on bioethical compliance through interim reports.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.721-727
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• 2023

국가 운영에서 부정, 낭비, 남용을 방지하기 위해 감사 및 감찰기구를 운영하고, 이들에게 업무의 독립성 보장을 포함한 많은 권한과 책임을 부여하고 있다. 하지만 이들 기관에서 발생하는 문제나 비위에 대해서는 누가 어떻게 감독하는지에 대한 문제가 제기된다. 이러한 감독을 위해 미국에서는 감찰관 법을 통해 감사기구 간 협의체인 감사공동체를 구성하여 업무 수행의 기준 준수 여부와 감사기구 직원의 비위에 대한 조사를 수행하고, 의회, 대통령, 회계감사원, 소속 기관 지도부 등 다양한 이해관계자가 상호작용을 하면서 독립성 보장과 협업 문화를 조성하고 있다. 정부 운영의 효율성과 효과성을 제고한다는 측면에서 감독기구와 의회의 관계를 발전시킬 필요가 있는 것이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 이러한 미국 사례를 연구하여 우리나라 감사기구에 적용할 감독제도의 효율적인 정책방안을 제시한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.231-244
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• 2005

In recent decades, significant effort has led to risk-informed improvements to regulation. Performance-based approaches also promise significant gains in efficiency (level of safety versus effort). However, significant work remains to be done before performance-based approaches realize their full potential in regulation of nuclear power plants. This paper reviews key concepts related to performance-based regulation, discusses some applications of performance-based approaches, and identifies issues that still need to be addressed. Realistic, experience-based models of licensee performance are still lacking; this makes it difficult to assess the prospective effectiveness of any given regulatory approach, in light of the performance issues that it will actually face. Also, while 'compliance' is an intuitively straightforward concept to apply within a prescriptive implementation, its analog in a performance-based approach remains unclear. An overarching theme of the paper is that formal methods of decision analysis are very helpful in developing appropriate regulatory approaches, especially performance-based ones; this theme is illustrated at several points.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제47호
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• pp.7-36
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• 2016

흔히 '성장의 한계가 없는 고도 성장산업'으로 불리는 민간경비업은 1980년대 이래 쉼 없는 양적 팽창을 거듭해왔다. 현대에서 민간경비의 역할은 생활안전 뿐 아니라 안보에도 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있으며, 그 교량적 기능은 가속화되고 있다. 치안서비스의 한 축으로써, 민간경비산업의 건전한 육성발전을 촉진하기 위해 세계 각국은 고유의 필요에 따라 각기 독특한 자격제도와 규제수단을 마련해 운영해오고 있다. 그간 우리나라에는 민간경비산업이 고도로 활성화 된 주요국의 규제개혁 사례가 다수 소개된 바 있다. 하지만 지금까지 소개된 선진국의 제도정비연구는 전반적으로 영미와 독일, 이웃 일본 중심이었다. 그러나 경비산업의 활성화 논의와 규제해법 담론을 이끌고 있는 많은 선도국들이 있으며, 그 중 대표적으로 일찍이 경비서비스를 공공재로 인식하여 단계적 제도개선 노력을 지속해온 광대한 인구부족 국가 호주를 꼽을 수 있다. 이러한 맥락에서, 본 연구에서는 1980년대부터 민경 역할분담을 확대해온 호주의 경비산업규제 접근방식을 살펴보고 이로부터 민간경비 산업 전반의 리스크 관리와 거시건전성 감독정책 방향에 대해 국내에 주는 시사점을 도출하였다. 연구결과, 호주의 경비산업 관리 운영은 (1) 의심스런 경비업자 측근에 대한 강도 높은 모니터링과 지문을 날인하는 제도의 운영, (2) 무영장 경비업체 압수수색제도, (3) 부적격자 삼진아웃 퇴출제도 등을 특징으로 하였다. 민간경비는 사회 안전을 보장하는 공공재적 성격이 강하므로, 서비스의 균일한 신뢰성 담보를 위해서는 정부주도의 보다 전문적인 관리와 선제적 개입이 요구된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 호주의 사례를 바탕으로, (1) 규제 프로그램의 리스크 유형별 효과성 측정을 토대로 한 규제품질평가에 대한 필요성, (2) 중장기적 규제영향분석을 위한 전담기구의 설립, (3) 규제준수 유도를 위해 활용될 수 있는 규제 믹스(regulatory mix) 전략에 관한 가이드라인을 제시하여 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2015

As the issuance of type certificate and production certificate for KC-100 Naraon, Korea is ranked as the State of Design and the State of Manufacture for civil aircraft specified in the Convention on International Civil Aviation. It means that another responsibilities are imposed and new frameworks are required for the airworthiness management including the continuing airworthiness. So far the minimum airworthiness management system was sufficient as the State of Registry for the aircraft operations and safety management. However, we need to establish and maintain the airworthiness management system for the effective certification and oversight of our air operators and approval holders. This paper introduces the new obligations under the Convention on International Civil Aviation, reviews the current aviation regulations and procedures and presents the strategy for the establishment of the regulatory system to ensure the airworthiness of aircraft.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.32-41
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• 2020

국제민간항공기구(ICAO)는 항공기 등록국가별 정비조직인증 및 감독활동에 대한 산업계 및 항공당국의 중복 업무 및 규제부담을 경감할 목적으로 정비조직인증 국제인정(AMO Global Recognition)체계에 대한 로드맵을 2015년에 제시하였다. 이후 ICAO는 2024년 이 체계 시행을 목표로 ICAO 표준 및 지침서등을 순차적으로 개정하고 있다. 우리나라는 ICAO의 로드맵 대응 목적뿐만 아니라 국내 항공정비산업(MRO)의 발전을 위해서도 정비조직인증 국제인정체계를 적극적으로 준비하여야 한다. 이에 본 논문에서는 정비조직인증의 핵심 분야인 업무한정체계에 대한 ICAO 표준 검토 및 항공선진국 제도와 국내 제도를 비교분석하여 차이점 및 보완사항을 식별하고 관련 법규의 개선 방향을 제시하였다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.81-110
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• 2011

서브프라임 모기지 및 구조화 상품 등에 대한 부정확한 신용등급은 최근 금융위기 확산의 주요 요인으로 지적되고 있다. 본 논문은 신용평가노력을 관찰할 수 없는 숨겨진 행동모형(hidden action model)을 통해 신용평가회사의 행태 및 규제에 대한 분석을 시도하여 현재 논의되고 있는 신용평가기능 개선을 위한 논의에 보완적인 기여를 하고자 한다. 분석 결과, 도덕적 해이가 존재하면 신용평가노력이 관찰 가능하지 않음으로 인해 사회적으로 최적인 수준보다 낮은 수준의 신용평가노력을 기울임을 확인하였다. 경쟁 및 평판효과를 고려한 확장된 모형의 경우에도 신용평가회사에 사회적으로 최적의 유인을 제공하는 데는 한계가 존재한다. 그리고 부수업무의 존재는 신용평가회사의 노력수준과 사회적 최적 수준 간의 괴리를 확대함을 확인하였다. 따라서 경쟁과 평판에 의한 규율이 불완전한 경우 신용평가회사에 대한 감독 및 잘못된 정보의 제공에 따른 책임의 부과가 필요하다

• 인터넷정보학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2013

This short report introduces the general background why Brazil conference is being prepared and what topics would be undertaken and what goals are being taken into account. It overviews what differences from traditional telecommunication governance, internet governance has had in its historical development and how such differences had been formed from its technological differences and the regulatory policy shift from common carrier regulation to privatization. Moreover, the fact that open, voluntary, bottom-up, diverse stakeholder's participation had evolved throughout the historical development of the internet, had established the present multistakeholder governance model from technological standardization to addressing scheme policies. ICANN, which has governed internet addressing schemes since the earlier 2000s, had developed address policies including IANA function from Jon Postel and technical community's legacy management system into contract based formation between ICANN and gTLD, ccTLD registries. And it made dispute resolution policies responding to trademark disputes and resolved gTLD monopoly issue by introducing new TLD generation and the separation of registry and registar. However, there had been challenges on the legitimacy of ICANN due to its dependency on the Federal Government of the U.S. particularly in its oversight role over ICANN and IANA contract. WSIS raised up internet governance issues including addressing governance, and set up IGF as a discussion platform for multistakeholders to discuss and share all views on other internet related public policies. IGF's loose and non-binding discussion once frustrated governments and other stakeholders, but more focused discussion and visible outcomes have consolidated its unique role for internet governance discourses. Particularly, IGF addressed many emerging internet related issues like cybersecurity, privacy, net neuratlity, development related issues. WTPF of 2013, after WCIT debate on whether traditional telecommunication regulation could be applied to internet infrastructure, suggested other governance issues such as the transition to ipv6, IXP coordination etc. How to make sure the legitimacy of internet addressing governance and how and where other internet related public policies could be undertaken are fundamental tasks for internet governance. Brazil conference, which has been motivated by the breakdown of trust in internet governance from NSA mass surveillance revealed by Snowden, faces these questions and try to make consensus on principles, institutions and roadmap for internet governance in multistakeholder participation way.