• 한국조경학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.91-106
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• 1993

The objective of this study is to prepare a proposal for desired changes in the laws and regulations system of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) about cultural assets preservation. The related Korean regulatory system and literature for EIA have been surveyed and case studies have been analyzed and actual cases where cultural assets protection were of issue have been studied to deduce the problems of those areas. Based on the result of this study, proposed changes are as follows; 1. "Status of cultural Assets" is to be included as common assessment factor for all categories of object projects in "Table 2: Essential Assessment Factors for Individual Project Category" of "Ordinance for Preparation of EIA Statement, etc." 2. "Status of Underground Cultural Assets and Potential Underground Cultural Assets" is to be inserted as a survey factor in "Table 3:Format of and Instruction for Impact Statement". 3. The clause of "-- the survey should be performed on-site and the investigation report should be submitted." is to be inserted in methods of survey in "Table 3". 4. Ground survey of cultural assets should be performed prior to completion of project planning, that is, from the stage of pre-study for site selection. 5. The application of impact abatement from "Methods and Plants for Impacts Abatement" of "Report for Development of EIA Statement Technologies" should be included, with proper modification of timing, in "Ordinance for Preparation of EIA Statement, etc." 6. The expense liability clause in "Cultural Assets Preservation Act" is to be revised as "a certain ratio of expenses for excavation should be borne by the government." 7. Regulatory device for collecting appropriate opinions should be established. It may include Cultural Assets Preservation Committee's hearing to the project owner's opinion. be established. It may include Cultural Assets Preservation Committee's hearing to the project owner's opinion.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2013

이 연구는 PP(방송채널사용사업) 현황을 진단하고, 특히 독립 PP의 실상을 구체적으로 파악하고자 이루어졌다. 이를 위해 14개 독립 PP를 선정하여 심층인터뷰를 진행하였으며, 독립 PP의 문제를 경영, 제작, 콘텐츠의 세 측면에서 분석하였다. 연구결과 독립 PP는 MPP에 비해 경영, 제작, 콘텐츠 모두에서 열악한 위상을 가지고 있음을 발견하였다. 독립 PP의 경영 구조는 매우 취약하였으며, 제작 환경도 좋지 않았다. 독립 PP들은 콘텐츠 제작 및 구매도 어려운 환경에 놓여 있으며, 지상파 재방 콘텐츠에 의존하는 등 제작보다는 유통에 치중하고 있는 실정이었다. 이는 PP시장의 불균형을 심화시키고, 궁극적으로는 한국의 콘텐츠 산업의 발전에 부정적인 결과를 초래하게 된다. 따라서 독립 PP의 위상을 높이기 위한 방안이 강구되어야 한다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.888-897
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• 2016

Stable expression of Foxp3 is ensured by demethylation of CpG motifs in the Foxp3 intronic element, the conserved non-coding sequence 2 (CNS2), which persists throughout the lifespan of regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, little is known about the mechanisms on how CNS2 demethylation is sustained. In this study, we found that Ten-Eleven-Translocation (Tet) DNA dioxygenase protects the CpG motifs of CNS2 from re-methylation by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and prevents Tregs from losing Foxp3 expression under inflammatory conditions. Upon stimulation of Tregs by interleukin-6 (IL6), Dnmt1 was recruited to CNS2 and induced methylation, which was inhibited by Tet2 recruited by IL2. Tet2 prevented CNS2 re-methylation by not only the occupancy of the CNS2 locus but also by its enzymatic activity. These results show that the CNS2 methylation status is dynamically regulated by a balance between Tets and Dnmts which influences the expression of Foxp3 in Tregs.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.603-608
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• 1997

Analysis of the 5'-regulatory sequence of the caprine ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene promoter revealed that two different types of activation were mediated by discrete regions, from -740 to -470 and from -205 to 109, in cultured mammary HC11 cells. Activation mediated by the proximal region was observed regardless of cell growth status. Distal activation, however, was observed only after confluent growth of the cells and was enhanced by the lactogenic hormones. This activation was accompanied by appearance of binding activity of proteins to these regions in the mammary HC11 cells. The binding motifs were broadly distributed over the upstream regulatory sequence. Comparison of the binding regions and mutation analysis suggest that a binding motif homologous to the ${\gamma}$-interferon responsive element (${\gamma}$-IRE) is responsible for transcriptional activation by hormonal induction in the mammary HC11 cells. The multiple ${\gamma}$-IRE homologous motifs seem to play a significant role in enhancing mammary cell-specific activation of the caprine BLG gene.

• BLOOD RESEARCH
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.294-298
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• 2018

Background Production of immunosuppressive enzymes such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is one of the strategies employed by hematologic malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), to circumvent immune surveillance. Moreover, IDO has the ability to convert $CD4^+CD25^-$ conventional T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, we evaluated the expression of IDO in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) patients and its correlation with the Treg marker, FOXP3, as well as clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods Thirty-seven newly diagnosed CN-AML patients were enrolled in our study along with 22 healthy individuals. The expression of the IDO and FOXP3 genes was analyzed by SYBR Green real-time PCR. Results Both IDO and FOXP3 were highly upregulated in CN-AML patients compared to control groups (P=0.004 and P=0.031, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between IDO and FOXP3 expression among AML patients (r=0.512, P=0.001). Expression of IDO and FOXP3 showed no significant correlation with laboratory parameters such as white blood cell and platelet counts, hemoglobin levels, bone marrow blast percentage, gender, and FLT3 mutation status (P>0.05). Conclusion Higher IDO expression in CN-AML patients may be associated with an increased Treg phenotype which may promote disease progression and lead to poor prognosis of CN-AML patients.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.367-386
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• 2021

The overestimation and underestimation of the radioactivity concentration of difficult-to-measure radionuclides can occur during the implementation of the scaling factor (SF) method because of the uncertainties associated with sampling, radiochemical analysis, and application of SFs. Strict regulations ensure that the SF method as an indirect method does not underestimate the radioactivity of nuclear wastes; however, there are no clear regulatory guidelines regarding the overestimation. This has been leading to the misuse of the SF methodology by stakeholders such as waste disposal licensees and regulatory bodies. Previous studies have reported instances of overestimation in statistical implementation of the SF methodology. The analysis of the two most popular linear models of the SF methodology showed that severe overestimation may occur and radioactivity concentration data must be dealt with care. Since one major source of overestimation is the use of minimum detectable activity (MDA) values as true activity values, a comparative study of instrumental techniques that could reduce the MDAs was also conducted. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry was recommended as a suitable candidate for the trace level analysis of long-lived beta-emitters such as iodine-129. Additionally, the current status of the United States and Korea was reviewed from the perspective of overestimation.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.184-193
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• 2013

국내 건설산업은 경직된 산업 구조와 건설 생산 활동에 대한 비효율적인 제도적 규제 등으로 인해 성장세가 저하되고 경쟁력이 뒤떨어지는 등의 문제점이 지적되고 있다. 현행 분할 분리발주 제도의 경우 국가 계약법에서는 분할발주는 원칙적으로 금지하고 있으나, 그 예외 조항으로 두고 있어 전기, 정보통신, 기계설비, 건축폐기물 공종의 경우 분할발주가 의무화 가능하고, 소방시설공사의 경우 의무화 추진을 위한 노력으로 소방시설공사업법 일부개정법률안을 발의하는 등 지속적으로 의무화 추진중이다. 기계설비공사업은 분할발주 관련 법률은 없으나 국가계약법 제68조 제3호를 근거하여 일부 시 도 교육청에서는 기계설비공사의 분리발주 확대 추진하고 있는 실정이며, 공종별 별도 법안을 추진하고 있는 공종도 있는 것으로 파악되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 분리분할 발주에 대한 제도 분석 및 분리발주에 대한 전문가의견 청취 및 유관기관별 의견을 정리하여 건설산업 제도 선진화 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 발주자의 효율적인 발주방식의 선택권 확보차원에서 발주자의 역량 및 프로젝트의 특성 등에 따라 분할 발주 여부를 유연하게 결정할 수 있도록 분리분할발주 제도의 개선안을 제시하여 건설사업차원에서의 효율적이고 생산적인 건설생산이 가능한 유연한 건설사업 수행 체계를 형성할 수 있는 기반을, 그리고 건설 산업차원에서는 국내 건설산업의 균형 발전과 함께 국제 경쟁력 향상을 고려한 구조를 제공할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1687-1696
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• 2015

Supplementation with probiotics can protect against the development of food allergies by modulating the host immune response; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the allergy-reducing effects of regulatory dendritic cells (regDCs) induced by Lactobacillus paracasei L9 (L9) in β-lactoglobulin (BLG)-sensitized mice. The L9 supplement suppressed the aberrant balance of Th1/Th2 responses to BLG in mice, via upregulation of the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cell responses. The amount of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells in mesenteric lymph nodes increased by 51.85%. Furthermore, administration of L9 significantly induced the expression of CD103 and reduced the maturation status of DCs in mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and spleen. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) were activated by L9 in vitro, with an approximate 1.31-fold and 19.57-fold increase in expression of CD103 in CD11c+DCs and the level of IL-10 production, respectively, while the expression of CD86 did not change significantly. These data demonstrate that L9 reduced the BLG allergic sensitization, likely through regDCs mediated active suppression.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3815-3819
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• 2012

The CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) is a special kind of T cell subset. Studies have showed that Treg cells are involved in a number of physiological processes and pathologic conditions such as autoimmune diseases, transplantation tolerance and cancer. Tregs with unique capacity for immune inhibition can impair anti-tumour immunity and help tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance. The aim of our study was to investigate whether Tregs are involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A BABL/C mouse with HCC in situ model was established to evaluate the Treg existence in carcinoma tissues and the changes of Tregs in spleen using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry methods. Granzyme B expression in carcinoma tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry to investigate the tumor local immune status.The proportion of CD4+CD25+/CD4+ spleen lymphocytes of tumor bearing mice ($18.8%{\pm}1.26%$) was found to be significantly higher than that in normal mice ($9.99%{\pm}1.90%$) (P<0.01 ). Immunohistochemistry of spleen tissue also confirmed that there was an increase in Treg in tumor-bearing mice, while in carcinomas it showed Treg cells to be present in tumor infiltrating lymphocyte areas while Granzyme B was rarely observed. Anti-tumour immunity was suppressed, and this might be associated with the increase of Tregs. Our observations suggest that the CD4+CD25+Treg/CD4+ proportion in spleen lymphocytes can be a sensitive index to evaluate the change of Tregs in hepatocellular carcinoma mice and the Treg may be a promising therapeutic target for cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2014

Overexpression of amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish mutation causes abnormal hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Hyperphosphorylated isoforms of tau are major components of neurofibrillary tangles, which are histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a major tau protein phosphatase, consists of a structural A subunit, catalytic C subunit, and a variety of regulatory B subunits. The B subunits have been reported to modulate function of the PP2A holoenzyme by regulating substrate binding, enzyme activity, and subcellular localization. In the current study, we characterized regulatory B subunit-specific regulation of tau protein phosphorylation. We showed that the PP2A B subunit PPP2R2A mediated dephosphorylation of tau protein at Ser-199, Ser-202/Thr-205, Thr-231, Ser-262, and Ser-422. Down-regulation of PPP2R5D expression decreased tau phosphorylation at Ser-202/Thr-205, Thr-231, and Ser-422, which indicates activation of the tau kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta ($GSK3{\beta}$) by PP2A with PPP2R5D subunit. The level of activating phosphorylation of the $GSK3{\beta}$ kinase Akt at Thr-308 and Ser-473 were both increased by PPP2R5D knockdown. We also characterized B subunit-specific phosphorylation sites in tau using mass spectrometric analysis. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that the phosphorylation status of the tau protein may be affected by PP2A, depending on the specific B subunits. These studies further our understanding of the function of various B subunits in mediating site-specific regulation of tau protein phosphorylation.