• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.171-182
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• 2009

Many aspergilli that belongs to ascomycetes have sexuality. In a homothallic or self-fertile fungus, a number of fruiting bodies or cleistothecia are formed in a thallus grown from a single haploid conidia or ascospores. Genome-sequencing project revealed that two mating genes (MAT) encoding the regulatory proteins that are necessary for controlling partner recognition in heterothallic fungi were conserved in most aspergilli. The MAT gene products in some self-fertile species were not required for recognition of mating partner at pheromone-signaling stage but required at later stages of sexual development. Various environmental factors such as nutritional status, culture conditions and several stresses, influence the decision or progression of sexual reproduction. A large number of genes are expected to be involved in sexual development of Emericella nidulans (anamorph: Aspergillus nidulans), a genetic and biological model organism in aspergilli. The sexual development process can be grouped into several development stages, including the decision of sexual reproductive cycle, mating process, growth of fruiting body, karyogamy followed by meiosis, and sporulation process. Complicated regulatory networks, such as signal transduction pathways and gene expression controls, may work in each stage and stage-to-stage linkages. In this review, the components joining in the regulatory pathways of sexual development, although they constitute only a small part of the whole regulatory networks, are briefly mentioned. Some of them control sexual development positively and some do negatively. Regarding the difficulties for studying sexual differentiation compare to asexual one, recent progresses in molecular genetics of E. nidulans enlarge the boundaries of understanding sexual development in the non-fertile species as well as in fertile fungi.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.663-670
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• 2009

The domestic foodservice and restaurant industries have been rapidly growing. Therefore, it is necessary for restaurants to analyze the demands and desires of their customers according to internal attributions, and to understand how these may change in the future. To explore the internal attributions of individuals, such as personality, this study examined differences between the promotion and prevention focuses of 'Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'. Based on this theory, hypotheses were prepared and two experiments- & -were performed to assess the hypotheses. showed that consumers who had a promotion focus were interested in the following factors: events, advertisement images and taste; whereas those with a prevention focus concentrated more on factors related to comfortoriented qualities, such as reputation and price satisfaction. In , after performing situational regulatory focus manipulation with the subjects, there were different results between promotion and prevention: in the promotion focus, when a prevention focus was induced, subjects concentrated more on price satisfaction, reputation, highly nutritious menu, and sanitary conditions; whereas in the prevention focus, when a promotion focus was induced, they concentrated on advertisement images, events, and restaurant atmosphere.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.347-354
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• 1992

New regulatory, loci which participate in the regulation of anaerobic inducible gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium were identified. We observed the regulatory network of new regulator mutations to various anaerobic inducible gene (1). Some anaerobic inducible lac fusions were also induced at low pH condition which was severe environment to withstand for its virulence at the place like phagolysosome. Sic oxygen-regulated regulatory mutants (oxr) isolated by Tn10 mutagenesis were divided into two groups. Five of them were found to show negative effect on the regulation of anaerobic gene expression, while on e showed positive effect on the regulation. Genetic loci of four oxr were identified with 54 Mud-P22 lysogens covering the whole chromosome of S. typhimurium, in the nearby region of map unit 87 min (oxr101), 63 min (oxr104), 97 min (oxr 105), and 57 min (oxr 106), respectively. Two oxr mutants were subjected to two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoretic analysis of anaerobic inducible proteins for searching the control circuitry of our oxr mutants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.236-241
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• 2004

In Escherichia coli, L-lysine biosynthetic pathway is composed of nine enzymatic reactions. It has been well established that most of the lysine biosynthetic genes are regulated by the lysine availability, even though they are all scattered around the chromosome without forming any multigenic operon structure. However, no transcriptional regulatory mechanism has been identified except for the activation of lysA gene by the LysR. In this study, changes in transcriptome profiles of wild type cells and lysR deletion mutant cells grown in the absence or presence of lysine were investigated by using DNA microarray technique. Microarray data analysis revealed three groups of genes whose expression varies depending on the availability of lysine or LysR or both. To further examine the regulatory patterns of lysine biosynthetic genes, lacZ operon fusions were constructed and their expression was measured under various conditions. Obtained results strongly suggest that there is an additional regulatory mechanism which senses the lysine availability and coordinates gene expression.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2008

Consultation program for pharmaceutical development is a new system in which pharmaceutical companies meet and discuss scientific and/or regulatory issues with drug regulatory authority in the research process and before submitting new drug applications. This program helps pharmaceutical companies reduce uncertainties in the research and development and increase the possibilities of getting drug marketing approval. Developed countries such as US, EU, and Japan have implemented various forms of pre-submission meetings or consultation programs since the mid-1990s. The rapid development of technology in pharmaceutical R&D increases the importance of communication between drug development companies and drug regulatory authority in Korea, too. In designing the consultation program, it is desirable to focus on the stages of clinical trials which take the longest period of time and the biggest amount of money in the pharmaceutical R&D process. We suggested that results or recommendations by drug regulatory authorities in pre-submission meetings or consultations be formally documented and considered in review process. Explicit scientific reasons are required for changing the results from consultations.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.185-211
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• 2004

It is a common and prevailing Construction that recent environmental problems such as earth's warmer climate and depletion of ozone layers can never be solved by the efforts of any one nation. That is why the international conventions have been held more often lately in order to discuss the matter of environment protection and there has been increased tendency of using economic activities of any nation especially their international trades as means for achieving the purpose of environment protection. Furthermore, there is an ample possibility for the advanced countries to use the regulatory restrictions for environment protection as an another measure of none-tariff barrier against countries including Korea which has high dependence on international trade with not very high technological capability of environment protection. Some of the developed countries have recently moved toward the creation of a new system of international regulatory measures on world trade in the name of Environment Protection. They Plan to impose strict control over the process and technology of production of good they are importing from other country. However, ever though the international regulatory measures, in a short term, could play a negative role on our trade capability, they could, in the long run, also play a role of helping hands if we usefully work out positive countermeasures as a result of hand-working government supported by industry and all the society as a whole.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.37-45
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• 2007

WTO/TBT requires that, for technical regulations affecting trade, technical regulatory requirements must be specified where possible in terms of performance rather than design or descriptive characteristics. The movement which made "performance" a keyword in landscape architecture was activated in Japan, one of the leading counties in performance-based regulatory system(PBRS). The Japanese recent movement of systematization activity on performance-based standards and specifications was reviewed and operational applications for performance-based regulatory system in South Korea are summarized as follows: 1. The establishment of performance standards that can be properly evaluated by assessment indicators is necessary in cases when quantitative evaluation is difficult. 2. As a preparation for PBRS, a brief procurement system by technical proposal for the landscape design and construction is necessary. 3. As a preparation for PBRS, activation of an environmental performance evaluation on experimental construction is necessary. 4. As a preparation for PBRS, a certification system of environmental performance on various landscape construction methods is necessary. 5. The Private Finance Initiative Project is the most similar to PBRS therefore, activation of the Private Finance Initiative Project is necessary in landscape architecture projects for park rehabilitation.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2003

BiP, immunoglobulin binding protein, is an ER homologue of Hsp70. However, unlit other Hsp70 proteins, regulatory protein(s) for BiP has not been identified. Here, we demo strafed the presence of potential regulatory proteins for BiP using a pull -down assay. Since BiP can bind any unfolded protein, only the ATPase domain of BiP was used for the pull -down assay in order to minimize nonspecific binding. The ATPase domain was cloned to produce recombinant protein, which was then conjugated to CNBr-activated agarose. The structural conformation and ATP hydrolysis activity of the recombinant ATPase domain were similar to those of the native protein, light proteins from metabolically labeled mouse plasmacytoma cells specifically bound to the recombinant ATPase protein. The binding of these proteins was inhibited by excess amounts of free ATPase protein, and was dependent on the presence of ATP. These proteins were eluted by ADP. Of these proteins, Grp170 and BiP where identified. while the other were not identified as known ER proteins, from Western blot analyses. The presence of the ATPase-binding proteins for BiP was first demonstrated in this study, and our data suggest similar regulatory machinery for BiP may exist in the ER, as found in prokaryotes and other cellular compartments.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.71-74
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• 2010

Cell proliferation is governed by precise and orderly process the regulation of which involves many different proteins. The key enzyme for cell growth and arrest is cyclin dependent kinases (cdks). In human cells, several cdks orchestrate four distinct cell cycle phases (M, $G_1$, S and $G_2$ ) and they sequentially operate in an order of cdc1, cdk4, cdk6 and cdk2. The regulatory components of cdks consist of cyclins and two family of cdk inhibitors, INK4 (inhibitors of cdk4) and KIP (kinase inhibitor protein). $G_1$ regulatory molecules for cdk mainly respond to environmental cues of mitogenic and anti-mitogenic stimuli and therefore influence activities of $G_1$ cdks, namely, cdk4/6 and cdk2. $G_1$ inhibitors include $p21^{CIP}$ and $p27^{KIP1}$. Between them, $p27^{KIP1}$ has attracted attentions of many researchers because of its characteristic regulatory features and diverse functions. Besides, the role of $p27^{KIP1}$ in cancer development warrants further studies in the future. Therefore, this review will focus on the recent findings and especially on the complexity of regulatory mechanisms of $p27^{KIP1}$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.244-252
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• 2007

Escherichia coli has a PhoR-PhoB two-component regulatory system to detect and respond to the changes of environmental phosphate concentration. For the E. coli W3110 strain growing under phosphate-limiting condition, the changes of global gene expression levels were investigated by using DNA microarray analysis. The expression levels of some genes that are involved in phosphate metabolism were increased as phosphate became limited, whereas those of the genes involved in ribosomal protein or amino acid metabolism were decreased, owing to the stationary phase response. The upregulated genes could be divided into temporarily and permanently inducible genes by phosphate starvation. At the peak point showing the highest expression levels of the phoB and phoR genes under phosphate-limiting condition, the phoB- and/or phoR-dependent regulatory mechanisms were investigated in detail by comparing the gene expression levels among the wild-type and phoB and/or phoR mutant strains. Overall, the phoB mutation was epistatic over the phoR mutation. It was found that PhoBR and PhoB were responsible for the upregulation of the phosphonate or glycerol phosphate metabolism and high-affinity phosphate transport system, respectively. These results show the complex regulation by the PhoR-PhoB two-component regulatory system in E. coli.