• 한국안전학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2023

On October 29, 2022, a very large number of people gathered in Itaewondong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Korea for a Halloween festival, and as crowds pushed through narrow alleys, 159 deaths and 195 injuries occurred, making it the largest crushing incident in Korea. There have been a number of stampede deaths where crowds gathered at large-scale festivals, event venues, and stadiums, both at home and abroad. When the density increases, the physical contact between bodies becomes very strong, and crowd turbulence occurs when the force of the crowd is suddenly added from one body to another; thus, the force is amplified and causes the crowd to behave like a mass of fluid. When crowd turbulence occurs, people cannot control themselves and are pushed into he crowd. To prevent a stampede accident, investigation and management of areas expected to be crowded and congested must be systematically conducted, and related ministries and local governments are planning to establish a crowd management system to prepare safety management measures to prevent accidents involving multiple crowds. In this study, based on national data, a continuous digital topographic map is modeled in 3D to analyze the risk of crowding and present a plan for selecting high-risk walking routes. Areas with a high risk of crowding are selected in advance based on various data (numerical data, floating population, and regional data) in a realistic and feasible way, and the analysis is based on the visible results from 3D modeling of the risk area. The study demonstrates that it is possible to prepare measures to prevent cluster accidents that can reflect the characteristics of the region.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.253-263
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• 1996

This study is an attempt to classify climatic regions of Korea based on the data of sunshine duration and to clarify the characteristics of sunshine for each divided regions. The data used in this study are the mean values of monthly and ten-daily sunshine duration, sunshine percentage, solar radiation and proud amount obtained from 63 weather stations of the Korea Meteorological Administration during the period of 1974~ 1993. The characteristics of annual change of sunshine percentage, annual duration of sunshine, percentage of sunshine, annual radiation, amount of cloud, days of sunshine percentage above 80% and-days of sunless are investigated by the mean values of -the stations belong to divided regions. The ward method of hierarchical cluster analysis is adopted to the analysis of data for the regional division. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows. (1) The sunshine regions of Korea can be divided into six regions of the central west, central east, south west, souls east, Ullung-do and Cheju-do. These are strongly affected by the dirtribution of inclined slopes taking account of the topographic characteristics of Korea. (2) Annual distribution shows the sunshine duration of 1777~ 2287 hours, sunshine percentage of 40~53%, solar radiation of 3469~4637 MJ/$m^2$, cloud amount of 5.0~6.1, days of sunshine perrentage above 80% of 53~116days and sunless days of 46~71days. (3) The types of annual change of sunshine percentages is classified with four types of minimum in July and maximum in October, minimum in July and maximum in December, high in May and October and low in July and January, high in May and November and low in June and January. (4) The long-term trend of sunshine duration decrease in peninsula area but increase in island area and the Tong-term inclination of cloud amount is almost zero. The author believe this tendency is related to a pollutional turbidity than a cloud amount in inland area.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.80-89
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• 2016

In the complex terrain where local wind systems are formed, accurate understanding of regional wind variability is required for wind resource assessment. In this paper, cluster analysis based on the similarity of time-series wind vector was applied to classify wind regions with similar wind characteristics and the meteorological validity of regionalization method was evaluated. Wind regions in Jeju Island and Busan were classified using the wind resource map of Korea created by a mesoscale numerical weather prediction modeling. The evaluation was performed by comparing wind speed, wind direction, and wind variability of each wind region. Wind characteristics, such as mean wind speed and prevailing wind direction, in the same wind region were similar and wind characteristics in different wind regions were meteor-statistically distinct. It was able to identify a singular wind region at the top area of Mt. Halla using the inconsistency of wind direction variability. Furthermore, it was found that the regionalization results correspond with the topographic features of Jeju Island and Busan, showing the validity.

• 한국측량학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국측량학회 2006년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.305-309
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• 2006

SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) technology, which is not influenced by cloud cover because of using electromagnetic wave of long wavelength, has an advantage in mapping the earth. NASA, recognizing these strong points of SAR, launched SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography klission), and acquired the topographic information of the earth. SRTM and NED (National Elevation Data) of USGS were used for the research and vegetation height map was produced through differentiating the two data. Correlation between SRTM-NED and planting year was analyzed to see the relationship. Strong correlation was detected and it shows the feasibility of estimating timber age and eventually creating timber age map from SRTM-NED. Additional analyses were conducted to check if the linearity is influenced by regional characteristics and forest uniformity. As results, the correlation between SRTM-NED and timber age is influenced by roughness of the terrain. Overall, this paper shows that timber age estimation using SRTM and NED can be sufficiently practical.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2016년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.241-242
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• 2016

Recent abnormal climate change induces localized heavy rainfall and extreme disasters such as debris flow near urban area. Thus many researches have been conducted to estimate and prevent, especially in focus of physical behavior of debris flow. Even though it is hardly to consider overall related parameters to estimate the extent and degree of directly or indirectly damages due to debris flow. Those analytic restraint would be caused by the diversity and complexity of regional topographic and hydrodynamic characteristics of debris flow inside. We have utilized the Bayesian method to compensate the uncertainty due to the complex characteristics of it after analyzing the numerical results from FLO-2D and field measurement data. Revised values by field measurements will enhance the numerical results and the missing parameters during numerical simulation will be supplemented with this methodology. As a final outcome in this study, the risk index of debris flow damage will be suggested to provide quantitative estimation in terms of hazard protection including the impact on buildings, especially in inner and outer of urban area.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.139-154
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• 1993

본 연구는 자연하천 유역에서의 수위관측점들을 대상으로 지점 홍수빈도해석을 실시하고 하천홍수량의 지역빈도해석에 의한 지역화 회귀모형을 개발한 것이다. 홍수빈도해석은 국내 주요 5대 하천유역인 한강, 금강, 영산강, 섬진강 및 낙동강 유역내에 있는 자연하천관측점들을 대상으로 홍수빈도모형을 이용하여 지점별 홍수량의 크기 및 빈도를 추정하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 홍수빈도예측을 위한 모형의 적용성과 효용성을 비교, 검토하였다. 그 결과 단기간 기록년수의 자료에서는 부분기간치계열 방법의 POT(Peaks Over a Threshold)모형이 연최대치계열 방법의 ANNMAX(ANNual MAXimum) 모형보다 효과적이고 합리적임이 판명되었다. 지역 홍수빈도해석에서 홍수빈도모형에 의한 지점별 홍수추정량과 홍수유출에 영향을 미치는 지형학적 유역 특성인자들간의 상관분석법에 의해 미계측 지점에서의 설계홍수량 추정이 용이한 지역화 회귀모형을 개발하고, 첨두홍수량과 유역 특성인자들간의 상관도를 재현기간별로 작성 제시하였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.657-677
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• 2017

This paper discusses some features and conditions that characterize the Zonda wind, focusing particularly on the implications for wind engineering applications. This kind of wind, typical of mountainous regions, is far from being adequately characterized for computational simulations and proper modeling in experimental facilities such as boundary layer wind tunnels. The objective of this article is to report the research works that are being developed on this kind of wind, describing the main obtained results, and also to establish some general guidelines for the proper analysis of the Zonda in the wind engineering context. A classification for the Zonda wind is indicated and different cases of structural and environmental effects are described. Available meteorological data is analyzed from the wind engineering point of view to obtain the Zonda wind gust factors, as well as basic wind speeds relevant for structural design. Some considerations and possible directions for the Zonda wind-tunnel and computational modeling are provided. Gust factor values larger than those used for open terrain were obtained, nevertheless, the basic wind speed values obtained are similar to values presented by the Argentinian Wind Code for three-second gust, principally at Mendoza airport.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.124-134
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• 2015

This study aims to identify the characteristics of expression of place identity shown in public design of Choryang Ibagugil in Dong-gu, Busan and analyze them from physical aspects and from psychological ones. Choryang Ibagugil has special historicity indicating that it is a hillside road(Sanbokdoro) dwelling site created after the 6.25 Korean War and the quintessence of Busan. In addition, the site is a good example that used the topographic characteristics as they were and used the road for movement called as 'gil' to design public environment. Ibagugil connected to Sanbokdoro (i.e. Mangyang-ro) starting from the big road (Busan Station) where there was a large floating population represented the regional identity to public design by the medium of 'gil.' As a result of analyzing the characteristics of expression of place identity based on the current status discovered, our conclusions could be drawn as follows: First, place forms identity under interpersonal relationships and there is a story on the lives of people in the contexts between place and identity. Second, place identity is an independent specialty of a certain place and expression of place identity into public design makes the place more place-like. Ibagugil expressed its identity while adapting to the topographic characteristics of hillside road(Sanbokdoro). Third, adjacent public buildings were included into Ibagugil, thus highlighting the placeness, although it is considered that it is ambiguous to determine it as public design in the current-status analysis. Fourth, from the public value aspect, slumized hillside road(Sanbokdoro) was improved, which led to improvement in quality of environment and improvement in pride of local residents. Resultingly, it can be said that the place identity appeared in the public design of Choryang Ibagugil were the stories that happened in this place. Moreover, the indication of future image of how the place will be developed in the future makes the value of the place more significant. Therefore, in public design for expressing place identity, utilization of independent speciality of the site is considered to be an important factor. By doing so, 'place becomes a real place' and 'place can get an independent identity.' Going further, it comes to get the characteristics of 'being the place as it is.'

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.179-191
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• 2009

본 연구는 북한 서해안과 동해안에 위치한 대표적인 해안평야인 안주평야와 함흥평야를 대상으로, 1910년대의 지형도와 2000년대의 위성영상을 토대로 북한 서해안과 동해안 평야의 지형 특성과 환경 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 북한에서 열두삼천리벌이라고도 불리는 안주평야는 지형학적으로 충적평야, 해성평야, 침식평야로 구분되며, 함흥평야는 주로 성천강에 의한 충적평야로 이루어져 있다. 지난 100년간 안주평야에서는 약 84.98$km^2$의 면적의 갯벌이 간척을 통해 농경지와 염전으로 변화되었으며, 중소하천의 하도는 대부분 직강화되었다. 함흥평야에서는 성천강 삼각주의 해안선이 최대 800m 정도 바다로 전진하면서 육지 면적이 약 3.40$km^2$ 증가하였고, 과거 분합(分合) 하도록 이루던 서성천강의 유로는 개간되어 사라졌으며, 광포는 인위적인 간척과 자연적인 하천 퇴적작용으로 호수 면적이 축소되었다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2016

울진군 울진읍에 위치한 연호(蓮湖)는 기존 동해안의 하천에서 발견되었던 하적호나 석호와는 다른 지형적 특성을 나타내고 있다. 본 연구에서는 울진 연호의 지형적 특성을 분석하고, 이를 통해 그 형성과정에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 더 나아가 자연호소와 습지를 지형형성과정에 따라 적합하게 보존하기 위한 연구가 필요함을 주장하였다. 연호의 지형적 특성을 규명하기 위해 1918년도, 1956년도, 2012년도의 지형도를 비교 분석 하였고 남대천과 연호천의 하상종단면도와 기반암 추정선을 그림으로 표현하였다. 또한 남대천과 연호천의 계획홍수위를 통해 침수가능지역을 설정하고 퇴적물의 이동방향과 퇴적환경을 고찰하고자 퇴적물의 입경분포를 분석하였다. 이를 통해 밝혀진 결과들을 종합해볼 때, 연호는 동해안의 하천에서는 연구가 전무했던 '배후습지성 호소'라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 동해안처럼 유로의 길이가 짧고 경사가 급한 하천에서도 배후습지성 호소가 형성될 수 있다고 말 할 수 있다. 또한 배후습지성 호소의 지형적 형성과정과 울진읍의 시가지 발달을 분석하여 그에 적합한 연호의 보존방법을 제언하였다.