• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.570-582
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• 2017

In recent years, national and local government's air quality management and climate change adaptation policy has been significantly strengthened. The measures in the two policies may be in a relationship of trade-off or synergy to each other. Greenhouse gases and air pollutants are mostly emitted from the same sources of using considerable amounts of fossil fuels. Co-benefits, in which either measure has a positive effect on the other, may be maximized by reducing the social costs and by consolidating the objectives of the various policies. In this study, the co-benefits were examined by empirically analyzing the effects of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emission reduction, social cost, and cost effectiveness between the two policies. Of the total 80 projects, the next 12 projects generated co-benefits. They are 1) extend restriction area of solid fuel use, 2) expand subsidy of low-$NO_x$ burner, 3) supply hybrid-vehicles, 4) supply electric-vehicles, 5) supply hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, 6) engine retrofit, 7) scrappage of old car, 8) low emission zone, 9) transportation demand management, 10) supply land-based electric of ship, 11) switching anthracite to clean fuel in private sector, 12) expand regional combined-energy supply. The benefits of air pollutants and greenhouse gas-related measures were an annual average of KRW 2,705.4 billion. The social benefits of the transportation demand management were the highest at an annual average of KRW 890.7 billion, and followed by scrappage of old cars and expand regional combined-energy supply. When the social benefits and the annual investment budgets are compared, the cost effectiveness ratio is estimated to be about 3.8. Overall, the reduction of air pollutants caused by the air quality management policy of Gyeonggi-do resulted in an annual average of KRW 4,790.2 billion. In the point sources management sector, the added value of $CO_2$ reduction increased by 4.8% to KRW 1,062.8 billion, while the mobile sources management sector increased by 3.6% to KRW 3,414.1 billion. If social benefits from $CO_2$ reduction are added, the annual average will increase by 7.2% to KRW 5,135.4 billion. The urban and energy management sectors have shown that social benefits increase more than twice as much as the benefits of $CO_2$ reduction. This result implies that more intensive promotion of these measures are needed. This study has significance in that it presents the results of the empirical analysis of the co-benefits generated between the similar policies in the air quality management and the climate change policy which are currently being promoted in Gyeonggi-do. This study suggested that the method of analyzing the policy effect among the main policies in the climate atmospheric policy is established and the effectiveness and priority of the major policies can be evaluated through the policy correlation analysis based on the co-benefits. It is expected that it could be a basis for evaluation the efficiency of the climate change adaptation and air quality management policies implemented by the national and local governments in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.713-723
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• 2023

Climate change is significantly affecting coastal areas, and its impacts are expected to intensify. Recent studies on climate change adaptation and risk assessment in coastal regions increasingly integrate the concepts of recovery resilience and vulnerability. The aim of this study is to develop a measurement model for coastal hazard recovery resilience in the context of climate change adaptation. Before constructing the measurement model, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on coastal hazard recovery resilience, establishing a conceptual framework that included operational definitions for vulnerability and recovery resilience, along with several feedback mechanisms. The measurement model for coastal hazard recovery resilience comprised four metrics (MRV, LRV, RTSPV, and ND) and a Coastal Resilience Index (CRI). The developed indices were applied to domestic coastal erosion cases, and regional analyses were performed based on the index grades. The results revealed that the four recovery resilience metrics provided insights into the diverse characteristics of coastal erosion recovery resilience at each location. Mapping the composite indices of coastal resilience indicated that the areas along the East Sea exhibited relatively lower coastal erosion recovery resilience than the West and South Sea regions. The developed recovery resilience measurement model can serve as a tool for discussions on post-adaptation strategies and is applicable for determining policy priorities among different vulnerable regional groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.32-40
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• 2006

This study's objects are to suggest effective forest community-level management measures by identifying the vulnerable forest vegetation communities types to climate change through a comparative analysis with present forest communities identified and delineated in the Actual Vegetation Map. The methods of this study are to classify the climatic life zones based on the correlative climate-vegetation relationship for each forest vegetation community, the Holdridge Bio-Climate Model was employed. This study confirms relationship between forest vegetation and environmental factors using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. Then, the future distribution of forest vegetation are predicted derived factors and present distribution of vegetation by utilizing the multinomial logit model. The vulnerability of forest to climate change was evaluated by identifying the forest community shifts slower than the average velocity of forest moving (VFM) for woody plants, which is assumed to be 0.25 kilometers per year. The major findings in this study are as follows : First, the result of correlative analysis shows that summer precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest month, elevation, soil organic matter contents, and soil acidity (pH) are highly influencing factors to the distribution of forest vegetation. Secondly, the result of the vulnerability assessment employing the assumed velocity of forest moving for woody plants (0.25kmjyear) shows that 54.82% of the forest turned out to be vulnerable to climate change. The sub-alpine vegetations in regions around Mount Jiri and Mount Seorak are predicted to shift the dominance toward Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora communities. In the identified vulnerable areas centering the southern and eastern coastal regions, about 8.27% of the Pinus densiflora communities is likely to shift to sub-tropical forest communities, and 3.38% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Quercus acutissima communities. In the vulnerable areas scattered throughout the country, about 8.84% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Pinus densiflora communities due to the effects of climate change. The study findings concluded that challenges associated with predicting the future climate using RCM and the assessment of the future vulnerabilities of forest vegetations to climate change are significant.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.185-193
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• 2004

Estimates of annual actual evapotranspiration are needed in water balance studies, water resources management projects, and many different types of hydrologic studies. This study validated a set of 5 empirical equations of estimating annual actual evapotranspiration with climate data on 11 watersheds, and evaluated the further applicability of these forms in estimating annual runoff on watershed level. Five empirical equations generally overestimated annual evapotranspiration, with relative errors ranging $3.3\%$ to $47.2\%$. The results show that Schreiber formula can be applicable in determining annual evapotranspiration in sub-humid region that is classified by aridity index, while Zhang equation gave better results than the remaining methods in humid region. The mean differences for annual evapotranspiration bias over 11 watersheds are Zhang, Schreiber, Budyko, Pike, and Ol'dekop formula from lowest to highest. The empirical equations provide a practical tool to help water resources managers in estimating regional water resources on ungauged large watershed.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.2902-2909
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• 2011

Regional torrential rains in summer this year due to abnormal climate changes compared to last year, have been frequent. Since Typhoon Rusa and Typhoon Maemi resulted in major damage to railroad facilities in 2002 and 2003 consecutively, problems with abnormal climate changes became a global problem including railroad and floods and droughts around the globe, heavy snow and winter warming have been repeated until now. Serious problem of radiation leakage in Fukushima nuclear power plant by the Tsunami due to 9.0-scale earthquake, this year in March, in northeastern Japan happened, and has given an impact on the life of Japanese citizens and industries and has also influenced on Korean. This shows how important to secure and to protect major national facilities including railroad structures to natural disasters such as earthquake. Therefore, we will briefly discuss about technologies for securing and protecting railroad structures to earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1755-1763
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to empirically analyze the relationship between sea temperature and jellyfish blooms. Ever since the 2000s, jellyfish population has been dramatically increased, which brought negative influence on the national health and the fisheries activities. Jellyfish blooms have been recognized as an effect of climate change, but there has been no empirical evidence to support such relationship. In this paper, the relationship between sea temperature and jellyfish blooms has been analyzed by using the regional jellyfish monitoring data and coastal stationary observing data of National Institute of Fisheries Science. Since the dependant variable carries left censoring issues, we used the panel tobit model. Our results indicate that there are statistically significant positive relationship between sea temperature and jellyfish blooms.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.421-422
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• 2003

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), methane (CH$_4$), nitrous oxide ($N_2$O), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF$_{6}$), together with water vapour ($H_2O$) and ozone play an important role in determining the earth's climate. The primary cause of the enhancement of GHGs is the global use of fossil fuels to generate heat, power, and electricity for a growing world population, as well as the changes in the land use, especially for agriculture. In addition, biomass buring and biofuel emissions play major roles in the GHG emissions in the Asian region because they produce large amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), nonmethane volatile organic compounds(NMVOC), black carbon(BC) and other gases. (omitted)d)

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.279-283
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• 2008

국외를 중심으로 기존 GCM보다 해상도가 높은 Regional Climate Model(RCM)을 이용한 분석이 일부 시행되고 있으나, 국내에서는 이를 이용한 연구가 아직 미비한 실정이다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구에서는 27km의 해상도를 갖는 기상청 RegCM3 RCM에서 도출된 기후변화 SRES 시나리오 자료를 이용하고자 한다. 수자원의 장기 거동을 강우-유출 모형으로 모사하기 위해서는 입력 자료인 일 강수자료 계열을 모의발생이 필요하며 본 연구에서는 천이확률 및 강수 모의에 이용되는 Gamma 확률분포와 같은 분포형의 매개변수들이 외부 인자 즉 기후변화 시나리오에 따라 조건부로 변동할 수 있는 CWGEN(Cross-validated Canonical Correlation Analysis-Weather Generator) 강수 모의기법을 도입하여 이용하였다. RCM 자료 그 자체는 일반적으로 시 공간적으로 왜곡되어 있어 Quantile Mapping을 통하여 수정을 하였다. 최종적으로 모의된 결과를 바탕으로 기후변화에 따른 극치사상들에 대한 정량적인 거동을 추정하고 평가하였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2009

An operational oceanographic system needs to be established for the preservation and management of marine environments and resources, and also to secure the safety and efficiency of marine operations in Korea. One of the major roles of operational oceanography is to deliver ocean science products which can meet the requirements of users such as marine industries, the general public, government agencies, and scientific research communities. Technical issues in relation to development of an effective operational oceanographic system in Korea are identified and discussed. Among others, cooperation among the agencies in ocean, meteorology, hydrology and environment, and also among those of neighboring countries is important for the development of an effective operational oceanographic system. The strategy for building a system that meets the demands of users, with consideration to potential problems, are explored.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.124-133
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• 2004

Global climate variations are expected to affect local hydro-meteorological variables like precipitation and temperature. The Southern Oscillation (SO) is one of the major driving forces that give impact on regional and local climatic variation. The relationships between SO and local climate variation are, however, characterized by strong nonlinear variation patterns. In this paper, the nonlinear dynamic relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), precipitation, and temperature in Fukuoka, Japan, is investigated using by a nonlinear multivariable approach. This approach is based on the joint variation of these variables in the phase space. The joint phase-space variation of SOI, precipitation, and temperature is studied with the primary objective to obtain a better understanding of the dynamical evolution of local hydro-meteorological variables affected by global atmospheric-oceanic phenomena.