• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2021

We report, for the first time, the afternoon (i.e., from noon to sunset time) observations of the northern mid-latitude E-region field-aligned irregularities (FAIs) made by the very high frequency (VHF) coherent backscatter radar operated continuously since 29 December 2009 at Daejeon (36.18°N, 127.14°E, 26.7°N dip latitude) in South Korea. We present the statistical characteristics of the mid-latitude afternoon E-region FAIs based on the continuous radar observations. Echo signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the afternoon E-region FAIs is found to be as high as 35 dB, mostly occurring around 100-135 km altitudes. Most spectral widths of the afternoon echoes are close to zero, indicating that the irregularities during the afternoon time are not related to turbulent plasma motions. The occurrence of afternoon E-regional FAI is observed with significant seasonal variation, with a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter. Furthermore, to investigate the afternoon E-region FAIs-Sporadic E (E_s) relationship, the FAIs have also been compared with E_s parameters based on observations made from an ionosonde located at Icheon (37.14°N, 127.54°E, 27.7°N dip latitude), which is 100 km north of Daejeon. The virtual height of E_s (h'E_s) is mainly in the height range of 105 km to 110 km, which is 5 km to 10 km greater than the bottom of the FAI. There is no relationship between the FAI SNR and the highest frequencies (f_tE_s) (or blanket frequencies (f_bE_s)). SNR of FAIs, however, is found to be related well with (f_tE_s-f_bE_s).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.348-357
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$) of four luting resin to regional dentin of human primary teeth. Dentin from non-carious primary molars were prepared from different regions (s, superficial dentin; d, deep dentin; c, cervical dentin), and divided into groups based on anatomical locations and types of luting resins (Scotchbond Multi-purpose : SB ; One-Step : OS ; AdheSE Bond : ASE ; G-Bond : GB) : SB-s, SB-d, SB-c; OS-s, OS-d, OS-c; ASE-s, ASE-d, ASE-c ; GB-s, GB-d, GB-c. Luting resins were used according to the manufacturers' instructions, to bond $Light-Core^{TM}$ Core Build-Up Composite) to the exposed dentin specimens in the light-curing mode. After storage for 1 day, ${\mu}TBS$ was tested at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed with T-test and two-way ANOVA. The bonding interface and fractography analyses were performed with SEM. The results were as follows : 1. ${\mu}TBS$ to superficial dentin was significantly higher than to deep dentin for SB(p<0.05). But there were no significant differences in regional ${\mu}TBS$ among OS, ASE, GB(p>0.05). 2. There were no significant differences in ${\mu}TBS$ to superficial dentin among each groups. But, in deep dentin, ${\mu}TBS$ of SB-d was significantly lower than those of OS-d, ASE-d, and GB-d(p<0.05). ${\mu}TBS$ of OS-d was significantly higher than those of GB-d(p<0.05), but there were no significant differences in ${\mu}TBS$ of ASEd. There were no significant differences among ${\mu}TBS$ of ASE-d, OS-d, and GB-d.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.19-35
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of landform in Geoje-Do using GIS and DTED data. The characteristics of landform in Geoje-Do are as follows; First, the height-range of Geoje-Do is $0{\sim}580m$, and the average elevation of it is 124m. Volcanic and granite region is mainly appeared at high elevation-region. But, we can't find out outstanding difference of elevation, according to its geology. The second. the slope-range of Geoje-Do is $0{\sim}52$ degree, and the average slope of it is 17.6 degree. The slope of volcanic and granite area is more steeper than any other region. But the results of analysis of the geology in Geojo-Do, don't show outstanding difference of the slope. The third, the area-rate of the aspect of Geoje-Do is almost same in all direction. And the area-rate of south-west direction is the highest. According to the geology of Geoje-Do, granite is distributed the most widely, and the area of volcanic and granite occupy 60% of entire island's area. According to analysis of influence of geology with elevation, geology has little relationship with elevation. According to analysis of geology and drainage network, streams are inclined to be developed well in Alluvium area. Drainage network is well developed throughout the entire island, except southeast area. The highest order of stream is 4 in 1:25,000 topographic map. The density of stream in Geoje-Do is very high, such as 1.6. The bifurcation-ratio of stream is also higher than 4 in all order. The length-ratio of stream is ranged from 1.24 to 3.25. According to the relationship between order and elevation. order is the greater, elevation is the lower. According to the relationship between order and slope, order is the greater, slope is the gentler. In this study, we use DTED Data, and compare it with topographic map data. According to the comparison, there is a little difference between DTED data and topographic map data. Therefore, to use DTED data in landform analysis, it is required coordinate matching process. This process is very important, and take very long time. Thus, if you use DTED in landform analysis, some processes are required. DTED data can be taken very easily, but its using is not simple. Because coordinate adjust is very hard work.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-171
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• 2012

The Permo-Triassic Songrim orogeny in the Korean peninsula was a major tectonic event involving complicated continental collisions at the eastern margin of Eurasia. Based on the previous studies on the metamorphic and deformations features of the Songrim orogeny, this paper presents metamorphic and structural characteristics and timing of the Songrim orogeny in the Taebaeksan basin, and discuss about correlation of the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Taebaeksan basin with the Okcheon basin and the Imjingang belt with a combined analysis of bulk crustal shortening direction, metamorphic P-T and T-t (time) paths. The metapelites in the Pyeongan Supergroup in the northeastern margin of the Taebaeksan basin have experienced lower-temperature/medium-pressure (LT/MP) regional metamorphism followed by high-temperature contact metamorphism due to the Jurassic granite intrusion. The earlier LT/MP regional metamorphism produced two loops of clockwise P-T-d (deformation) paths combined with four deformation events ($D_1-D_4$). The first loop concomitant with $D_1$ and $D_2$ occurred at $400-500^{\circ}C$, 1.5-3.0 kbar, and related with growth of syn-$D_1$ chloritoid and andalusite, post-$D_1$ margarite, Ca-rich syn-$D_2$ or post-$D_2$ plagioclase. The second loop accompanying $D_3$ and $D_4$ occurred at $520-580^{\circ}C$, 2.0-6.0 kbar, and associated with the growth of syn-$D_3$ garnet and staurolite, and syn-$D_4$ and/or post-$D_4$ andalusite porphyroblasts. Furthermore the syn-$D_1$ chloritoid and andalusite porphyroblasts grew during E-W bulk crustal shortening, whereas the syn-$D_3$ garnet and staurolite, and the syn-$D_4$ and/or post-$D_4$ andalusite porphyroblasts have grown under N-S bulk crustal shortening. The similarity in the characteristics and timing of the metamorphism and bulk crustal shortening directions between the Okcheon and Imjingang belts suggest that the peak metamorphic conditions tend to increase toward the western part (Imjingang belt and southwestern part of the Gyeonggi Massif) from the eastern part (Taebaeksan basin). The E-W bulk crustal shortening influenced the eastern part of the Okcheon belt, whereas the N-S bulk crustal shortening resulted in strong deformation in the Imjingang and Okcheon belts. Consequently, the Permo-Triassic Songrim orogeny in the Korean peninsula is probably not only related to collision of the North and South China blocks, but also to the amalgamation of terrane fragments at the eastern Eurasia margin (e.g., collision of the Sino-Korean continent and the Hida-Oki terrane).

• KNOM Review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2020

As the threat of Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks that exploit weakly secure IoT devices has spread, research on source-side Denial-of-Service attack detection is being activated to quickly detect the attack and the location of attacker. In addition, a collaborative source-side attack detection technique that shares detection results of source-side networks located at individual sites is also being activated to overcome regional limitations of source-side detection. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a collaborative source-side DDoS attack detection using statistical weights. The statistical weight is calculated based on the detection rate and false positive rate corresponding to the time zone of the individual source-side network. By calculating weighted sum of the source-side DoS attack detection results from various sites, the proposed method determines whether a DDoS attack happens. As a result of the experiment based on actual DNS request to traffic, it was confirmed that the proposed technique reduces false positive rate 2% while maintaining a high attack detection rate.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2707-2712
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• 2015

Background: The human homologue of the mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) gene is a negative regulator of Tp53. MDM2-309T>G a functional promoter polymorphism was found to be associated with overexpression thereby attenuation of Tp53 stress response and increased cancer susceptibility. We have planned to evaluate the possible role of MDM2-309T>G polymorphism with risk and response to chemotherapy in AML. Materials and Methods: A total of 223 de novo AML cases and 304 age and sex matched healthy controls were genotyped for the MDM2-309T>G polymorphism through the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR method. In order to assess the functional relationship of -309T>G SNP with MDM2 expression level, we quantified MDM2 mRNA in 30 primary AML blood samples through quantitative RT-PCR. Both the (-309T>G) genotypes and the MDM2 expression were correlated with disease free survival (DFS) rates among patients who have achieved complete remission (CR) after first induction chemotherapy. Results: MDM2-309T>G polymorphism was significantly associated with AML development (p<0.0001). The presence of either GG genotype or G allele at MDM2-309 confered 1.79 (95% CI: 1.12-2.86; p<0.001) and 1.46 fold (95%CI: 1.14-1.86; p= 0.003) increased AML risk. Survival analysis revealed that CR+ve cases with GG genotype had significantly increased DFS rates (16months, p=0.05) compared to CR+ve TT (11 months) and TG (9 months) genotype groups. Further, MDM2 expression was also found to be significantly elevated in GG genotype patients (p=0.0039) and among CR+ve cases (p=0.0036). Conclusions: The MDM2-309T>G polymorphism might be involved in AML development and also serve as a good prognostic indicator.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 2006

Fukuoka earthquake on March 20, 2005 showed the potential hazard of large events out of S. Korea. From the viewpoint of seismic hazard, seismic amplitude decrease Q-1 is very important. Related to the crustal cracks induced by the earthquakes, the value of Q-1- high Q-1 regions are more attenuating than low Q-1 regions - shows a correlation with seismic activity; relatively higher values of Q-1 have been observed in seismically active areas than in stable areas. For the southeastern and central S. Korea, we first simultaneously estimated QP-1 and QS-1 by applying the extended coda-normalization method to KIGAM and KNUE network data. Estimated QP-1 and QS-1 values are 0.009 f-1.05 and 0.004 f-0.70 for southeastern S. Korea and 0.003 f -0.54 and 0.003 f -0.42 for central S. Korea, respectively. These values agree with those of seismically inactive regions such as shield. The low QLg-1 value, 0.0018f -0.54 was also obtained by the coda normalization method. In addition, we studied QLg-1 by applying the source pair/receiver pair (SPRP) method to both domestic and far-regional events. The obtained QLg-1 for all Fc is less than 0.002, which is reasonable value for a seismically inactive region.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2005

Objective : Dear antler (Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe) used for traditional immunosuppressive and immuno-activating action. The effect of deer antler herbal-acupuncture(DAH) solution, prepared by water extract method, on cathepsin activities in bone tissues (cartilage and synovial) cells from mouse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model was studied. The cysteine endoprotease cathepsin mediates degradation of the MHC class II invariant chain (Ii) in human and mouse antigen-presenting cells. The studies described here examine the functional significance of cathepsin inhibition on autoantigen presentation and organ-specific autoimmune diseases in a murine model for RA. Methods : An animal model for RA in BALB/c mice thymectomized 3 days after birth (3d-Tx) was constructed All 3d-Tx BALB/c mice developed autoimmune lesions in the bone tissue cells, starting at 3 weeks of age, and the disease mediated by CD4+ T cells was chronic and progressive. Significant inhibitory effects of DAH solution on cathepsin S and L were observed in each organ in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we confirmed that cathepsin S and L activity in each organ were clearly inhibited by DAB solution. When we examined the inhibitory effects of DAH solution against autoantigen-specific T cell responses in vitro, in regional lymph node cells, but not in spleens, from model mice, a significant inhibitory effect of DAB solution was observed in a dose-dependent manner. DAH solution do not block T cell proliferation to Con A, indicated that the dose of DAB solution 10 to $20\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ was sufficient to inactivate the autoantigen-specific T cell responses in vitro. In vivo therapeutic effects of DAB solution were examined in a murine model for RA, autoantigen-specific (C-II-specific) T cell response were significantly inhibited in LNCs from DAH solution-treated mice. Results : Iinhibition of cathepsin S and L in vivo alters autoantigen presentation and development of organ-specific autoimmunity in RA model. Conclusion : These data identify selective inhibition of cysteine protease cathepsin S and L as a potential therapeutic strategy for autoimmune disease process such RA. Thus, DAH solution will served as a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic agents for treatment of human RA.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.549-555
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• 2009

4 kinds of Regional Special Natural Products (RSNPs), such as Anthrisci radix, Psoraleae semen, Siegesbeckiae herba and Corni fructus were examined to verify for anti-obesity effect. $PPAR\gamma$ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$) from 3T3-L1 cell concerning adipocyte differentiation was suppressed by different concentraton of 4 RSNPs with western blot, when treated RSNPs' extract and MDI (IBMX, Dexamethasone, Insulin) at the same time. Also, SREBP-1 (Sterol regulatory element binding protein) controlling lipogenesis and $PPAR\gamma$ expression levels were reduced by these 4 RSNPs' extract, when these chemicals after differentiation of 3T3-L1 cell. And lipid droplets were reduced by 7.5%, 14.4%, 18.3% and 30% at different concentration of Anthrisci radix from Oil Red O staining. Also, it was reduced by 2%, 4.9%, 9.3% and 38% at different concentration of Psoraleae semen. For Siegesbeckiae herba, it was inhibited by 1.4%, 6.4%, 16.4% and 30.1%, respectively. And Corni fructus was also showed by 0.9%, 6.3%, 13.7% and 33% at same concentration of Siegesbeckiae herba. These 4 kinds of RSNPs were expected for a useful material for anti-obesity materials.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2015

Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is a commercial silk producing forest insect of India, but it has never been experimented in Uttarakhand state in spite of the huge availability of its forestry host plants. This is the first study on A. mylitta in Uttarakhand. The goal of this study is to introduce forest based commercial rearing of A. mylitta, in tropical forest areas of Uttarakhand to reduce poverty among forest dependent people. In current study, we assessed the effect of seven forest tree species, rearing seasons, and their interactions on cocoon productivity of Daba (bivoltine) ecorace of A. mylitta in the New Forest of FRI, Dehra Dun during 2012 and 2013 and collected the data that was analysed by two-way completely randomized block factorial design. Post HOC Tukey's HSD test was carried out to compare the homogeneous pairs of means. We also carried out Evaluation Index analysis to rank the tested forestry host plants for better growth and development of A. mylitta under the climatic condition of Uttarakhand. Analysis of variance indicated that cocoon yield of A. mylitta differed significantly between rearing seasons (DF=1, F=88.24, p<0.05) and host plants (DF 6, F= 368.63, p<0.05); however, their interactions were found insignificant (DF=6, F=0.99, p>0.05). In first rearing season of July-August, there was higher cocoon yield than the second season of September-November. Results indicated that Terminalia alata fed larvae showed significantly higher cocoon yield (164.11 cocoons/300 larvae); followed by, T. tomentosa (148.89 cocoons), T. arjuna (140.00 cocoons) and Lagerstroemia speciosa (129.47 cocoons) fed larvae. Whereas, Lagerstroemia tomentosa fed larvae that was used by the first time in India, showed lowest cocoon yield (48.81 cocoons), followed by T. chebula (72.53 cocoons) fed larvae. Cocoon yield of T. tomentosa and T. arjuna fed larvae of A. mylitta did not differ significantly with each other.