• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.21-31
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• 2012

This paper presents the short-term and long-term measures to determine the fugitive dust concentration in a contaminated site, which is a crucial step for the determination of particulate emission factor (PEF) for risk assessment. As a long-term measure, USEPA method employing Q/C value (inverse of the ratio of the geometric mean air concentration to the emission flux at center of a 0.5-acre square source) seems to be suitable as it reflects regional-specific meteorological conditions. However, it requires nation-wide database collection and interpretation. Use of ASTM method is an alternative as a short-term measure. The method is readily field-applicable as PEF calculation equation is simple and input parameters can be easily derived at the site of interest as well without the nation-wide efforts. Using ASTM method, PEF at the Former Janghang Smelter Site was determined. According to various mode of aggregate size distribution and fractions of vegetative cover, which are the most important factors in PEF calculation, PEF values at the Former Janghang Smelter Site varied greatly. When the mode of aggregate size distribution was set at 0.25 mm, PEF values at the Former Janghang Smelter Site was 5~20 times higher than the default PEF value (i.e., 35 ${\mu}g/m^3$) shown in the current Korean Soil Contamination Risk Assessment Guidance. On contrast, when the mode was set at 2 mm, PEF values at the Former Janghang Smelter Site was 160~640 times lower than the default PEF value in the Korean Guidance.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.638-646
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• 2014

Soil erosion from agricultural fields leads to various environmental problems weakening the capabilities of flood control and ecosystem in water bodies. Regarding these problems, Ministry of Environment of South-Korea prepared various structural and non-structural best management practices (BMPs) to control soil erosion. However, a lot of efforts are required to monitor and develop BMPs. Thus, modeling techniques have been developed and utilized for these issues. This study estimated the effectiveness of BMPs which are a vegetation mat with infiltration roll and Roll type vegetation channel using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model through the adjustment of the conservation practice factors, P factors, for Universal Soil Loss Equation which were calculated by monitoring data collected at the segment plots. Each BMP was applied to the areas with slopes ranged from 7% to 13% in the Haeanmyeon watershed. As a result of simulation, the vegetation mat with infiltration roll and Roll type vegetation channel showed 55% and 59% efficiency of soil erosion reduction, respectively. Also, Vegetation mat with infiltration roll and Roll type vegetation channel showed each 11.2% and 11.8% efficiency in reduction of sediment discharge. These roll type vegetation channel showed greater efficiency of soil erosion reduction and sediment discharge. Based on these results, if roll type vegetation channel is widely used in agricultural fields, reduction of soil erosion and sediment discharge of greater efficiency would be expected.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.502-505
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• 2007

To estimate the soil quality of Miryang area, soil analysis were conducted according to the city and out of city of soil expenses at according to analysis components and heavy metal pollution of irradiation sampling sites. The through soil components the principal element about the 71% $SiO_2\;and\;Al_2O_3$, the pH of field area near the city center was lower than that of the other field area, which indicated that this acidification was probably attributed to the acid rain caused by the traffic exhaust gas such as $SO_x\;and\;NO_x$. Acidification was more severe in the field area than in the farming land. The concentration of five heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Pb, As and Cr were found to be lower than the standard of soil pollution. An assessment using the SPI(Soil Pollution Index), which was developed to estimate an overall soil quality, was performed. Each SPS(Soil Pollution Score) were evaluated with the results of the data from this study. The soil quality of most area of Miryang land was determined to Class 1, which indicated that the soil was healthy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.64-73
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to establish the management plannings for the conservation and environmentally friendly use of Korean coastal wetlands. The function, economic value, and the necessity for the conservation of coastal wetlands are described. The current management status, Korean Governmental policies for the use of coastal wetlands, and their problems are surveyed and analysed. The management plannings for the environmentally friendly use of Korean coastal wetlands is suggested as follows: (1) The coastal wetlands need to be divided into 3 different regions based on PSR(Pressure, State, Response) of OECD. (2) Each region should be managed by appropriate management plans which are suggested in Chapter IV of this paper. Finally, in order to realize these management plannings the change of Governmental system and laws are suggested as follows: (1) The change of relevant laws is required. Additionally, each region should managed by proper governmental agencies. (2) The EIA(Environmental Impact Assessment) system should be improved. (3) The participation of regional people should be guaranteed in the decision making processes of the business and other important planning regarding coastal wetlands. (4) The system which primed the ecological value of coastal wetlands should be established.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.341-380
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• 2023

This study evaluates the seismic fragilities in fill slopes in South Korea through parametric finite element analyses that have been barely investigated thus far. We consider three slope geometries for a slope of height 10 m and three slope angles, and two soil types, namely frictional and frictionless, associated with two soil states, loose and dense for frictional soils and soft and stiff for frictionless soils. The input ground motions accounting for four site conditions in South Korea are obtained from one-dimensional site response analyses. By comparing the numerical modeling of slopes using PLAXIS^2D against the previous studies, we compiled suites of the maximum permanent slope displacement (D_max) against two ground motion parameters, namely, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and Arias Intensity (I_A). A probabilistic seismic demand model is adopted to compute the probabilities of exceeding three limit states (minor, moderate, and extensive). We propose multiple seismic fragility curves as functions of a single ground motion parameter and numerous seismic fragility surfaces as functions of two ground motion parameters. The results show that soil type, slope angle, and input ground motion influence these probabilities, and are expected to help regional authorities and engineers assess the seismic fragility of fill slopes in the road systems in South Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.247-254
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• 2012

Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been widely used in estimation of flow and water quality at various watersheds worldwide, and it has an auto-calibration tool that could calibrate the flow and water quality data automatically from thousands of simulations. However, only continuous measured day flow/water quality data could be used in the current SWAT auto-calibration tool. Therefore, 8-day interval flow and water quality data measured nationwide by Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE) could not be used in SWAT auto-calibration even though long-term flow and water quality data in the Korean Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) watersheds available. In this study, current SWAT auto-calibration was modified to calibrate flow and water quality using 8-day interval flow and water quality data. As a result of this study, the Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values for flow estimation using auto-calibration are 0.77 (calibration period) and 0.68 (validation period), and NSE value for water quality (T-P load) estimation (using the 8-day interval water quality data) is 0.80. The enhanced SWAT auto-calibration could be used in the estimation of continuous flow and water quality data at the outlet of TMDL watersheds and ungaged point of watersheds. In the next study, the enhanced SWAT auto-calibration will be integrated with Web based Load Duration Curve (LDC) system, and it could be suggested as methods of appraisal of TMDL in South Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 2009

For preliminary diagnosis on current fishing ground environment and basic information for establishment of effective and rational management policy in fisheries resources protection area, water and sediment quality and changes of total area in the 10 marine protection areas designated for fisheries resources management in Korea were assessed. Results showed that environmental quality in these areas has been degraded by pollution sources, coastal utilization and development stress, etc. The pattern and degree of contamination differed by protection areas, suggesting that it is necessary for optimum environmental management plan considering the regional characteristics. The total designated area of protection areas in 2003 changed by $-22.9{\sim}2.4%$, on average -6.4%, compared with the first year of designation; Wando-Doam Bay showd the highest increase rate (2.4%), and Hansan Bay has the highest decrease rate (-22.9%) Decrease rate of land and sea in total area showd 6.1% and 6.6%. An integrated management of environmental data in protection areas is required for systematic assessment. Therefore, the suitable environmental and information management is needed specifically considering the environment characteristics such as development and utilization conditions of land and sea area Furthermore, bemuse urbanization and industrialization threats the junctions of the protection areas, authorized ministry (MIFAFF) should develope and establish monitoring and management procedures based on the related laws.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.503-515
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• 2023

The disconnection and fragmentation of ecological spaces that occur during the development process pose a significant threat to biodiversity. Urban center areas with high development pressure are particularly susceptible to low connectivity due to a scarcity of ecological space. This issue tends to be more pronounced in larger cities.To address this challenge, continuous efforts are needed to assess and improve the current state of ecological space connectivity at the level of individual projects and urban management. However, there is a lack of discussion regarding the analysis and improvement of ecological connectivity in metropolitan cities In line with this objective, this study evaluated the connectivity of ecological spaces in the city centers of Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Ulsan. The evaluation revealed that city centers exhibited lower connectivity of ecological spaces compared to their peripheries or the overall city. In addition, in the ecological network analysis that reflected regional characteristics, such as the species distribution model conducted on Daejeon, 510 optimal paths connecting forests of more than 1ha were derived. This study is significant as an example of deriving an ecological network based on regional characteristics, including quantitative figures necessary for establishing goals to improve urban ecological connectivity and biodiversity. It is anticipated that the results can be utilized to propose directions for enhancing ecological connectivity in environmental impact assessments or urban management and to establish an evaluation framework.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.147-157
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• 2013

Rice is a main crop and rice field is the most important farmland in Korea. This study was conducted to propose the methodology assessing impact and vulnerability on rice production by climate change at the regional and national level in Korea. We evaluated a vulnerability of rice paddy according to the outbreak of a main disease and pest of a rice plant. As results, Jeju-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeollanam-do were more vulnerable area than others. In contrast, the southern central region including Gyeonggi-do was less vulnerable than others. The vulnerable index was significantly higher in 2050s (0.5589) than in present (0.3500). This result showed that the vulnerable to the disease and pest enlarge in the future. The adaptive capacity highly contributed to the vulnerability assessment index. The daily maximum temperature of June and the daily average temperature from May to August also contributed the climate exposure index. The area of occurring sheath blight, rice leaf blast and striped rice borer was related to the system sensitivity index. The ability of water supply (readjustment area of arable land per paddy field area) and rice production technique (rice yield per hectare) were the highly contributed variables to the adaption capacity index.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.230-239
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the kinds and exposure levels of health hazards in the metalworking process in relation to acute poisoning accidents caused by methanol in 2016. Methods: The number of industries, workplaces, exposed workers, regional distribution, and exposure level of health hazards in metalworking process were investigated based on employee exposure assessment database provided by KOSHA (the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency), which was collected from workplace hazard evaluation programs in Korea. Exposure metrics for methanol were assessed by RCR (risk characterization ratio). Results: The numbers of processes, workplaces, and exposed workers of metalworking, which include CNC (computer numerical control) were 25, 14,405, and 169,102 respectively. The numbers of samples of chemical hazards including methanol were 91,325, and it was found that workers in metalworking were exposed to 249 kinds of chemical hazards. There were 16 kinds of special controlled substances including beryllium. It is estimated that the number of workplaces involving CNC process was 2,537, and the number of exposed workers was 27,976. In CNC process, the total number of workplaces handling methanol was 36, and 298 workers were estimated to be exposed. There was no exceeded that surpassed the OEL and 49% of samples were below the limit of detection. Methanol exposure concentrations in Gyeonggido Province were statistically significantly higher than in other areas (p <0.0001). Conclusions: In the metalworking process including CNC, there is exposure to a wide variety of health hazards. There was no sample exceeding the OEL for methanol. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the limits of the employee exposure assessment system and urgently improve measures to prevent the occurrence of events like methanol poisoning.