• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.330-343
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• 2017

Climate change is an important issue, with many researches examining not only future climatic conditions, but also the interaction of climate and air quality. In this study, a new version of the emissions processing software tool - Python-based PRocessing Operator for Climate and Emission Scenarios (PROCES) - was developed to support climate and atmospheric chemistry modeling studies. PROCES was designed to cover global and regional scale modeling domains, which correspond to GEOS-Chem and CMAQ/CAMx models, respectively. This tool comprises of one main system and two units of external software. One of the external software units for this processing system was developed using the GIS commercial program, which was used to create spatial allocation profiles as an auxiliary database. The SMOKE-Asia emissions modeling system was linked to the main system as an external software, to create model-ready emissions for regional scale air quality modeling. The main system was coded in Python version 2.7, which includes several functions allowing general emissions processing steps, such as emissions interpolation, spatial allocation and chemical speciation, to create model-ready emissions and auxiliary inputs of SMOKE-Asia, as well as user-friendly functions related to emissions analysis, such as verification and visualization. Due to its flexible software architecture, PROCES can be applied to any pregridded emission data, as well as regional inventories. The application results of our new tool for global and regional (East Asia) scale modeling domain under RCP scenario for the years 1995-2006, 2015-2025, and 2040-2055 was quantitatively in good agreement with the reference data of RCPs.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.3-16
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• 1989

In order to investigate the in vivo effect of $^{60}Co$ radiation on rabbit liver, the uptake ratio and regional excretory value in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells were estimated during acute and chronic hepatic injuries. The left lobe of liver was irradiated at 15 Gy or 30 Gy with a single dose and subsequent changes were analysed with a seial nuclear medicine imaging by using $^{99m}Tc-phytate,\;^{99m}Tc-DISIDA\;and\;^{99m}Tc-HSA$ and resulting data were computerized. The degree of hepatic damage, duration of the injury, and recovery pattern after the irradation were in agreement with the findings of other investigations. However, out values were more quantitative evacuation than those of other publications. Recovery of decreased uptake of $^{99m}Tc-phytate$ was delayed approximately $2{\sim}3$ days later than that of $^{99m}Tc-DISIDA$. In acute radiation induced injury, the results demonstrated that the recovery of Kupffer cells was delayed more than that of hepatocytes. This discrepancy was considered due to the differences in repair activities between these cell types. The decreased of regional excretory value in irradiated area was found to be dose-dependent but had no corelation with regional uptakes of DISIDA and phytate. The decreased of regional excretory value observed in non-irradiated region suggested that irradiated liver might induce an indirect effect.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.81-110
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• 2018

In this paper, we examined the regional economic integration, the trade negotiation strategy and bargaining power of the European Union through the logical structure of the three - dimensional game theory. In the three - dimensional game theory, the negotiator emphasized that the negotiation strategy of the triple side existed while simultaneously operating the game standing on the boundary of each side game, constrained from each direction or occasionally using the constraint as an opportunity. The study of three-dimensional game theory is aimed at organizing the process of coordinating opinions and meditating interests at the international level, regional level and member level by the regional union as a subject of negotiation. This study would compare and analyze the recently concluded EU-Japan EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement) negotiation process with the case of the EU FTA, and summarize the logic of the three-dimensional game theory applicable to the FTA of the regional economic partnership. Furthermore, the study would illustrate the strategies of the regional economic cooperatives to respond to negotiations. The area of trade policy at the EU level has already been completed by the exclusive power of the Union on areas where it is difficult to politicize with technical features. Moreover, the fact that the policy process at the Union level has not been revealed as a political issue, and that the public opinion process is a double-step approach. In conclusion, the EU's trade policy process constitutes a complicated and sophisticated process with the allocation of authority by various central organizations. The mechanism of negotiation is paradoxically simplified because of the common policy decision process and the structural characteristics of the trade zone, and the bargaining power at the community level is enhanced. As a result, the European Commission would function as a very strong negotiator in bilateral trade negotiations at the international level.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.649-661
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• 2008

The impact of the detailed surface data on regional meteorological fields in complex coastal area is studied using RAMS. Resolutions of topography and land use data are very important to numerical modeling, because high resolution data can reflect correct terrain height and detail characteristics of the surface. Especially, in complex coastal region such as Gwangyang area, southern area in Korean Peninsula, high resolution topography and land use data are indispensable for accurate modeling results. This study investigated the effect of resolutions of terrain data using SRTM with 3 second resolution topography and KLU with 1 second resolution land use data. Case HR was the experiment using high resolution data, whereas Case LR used low resolution data. In Case HR, computed surface temperature was higher than Case LR along the coastline and wind speed was $1{\sim}2m/s$ weaker than Case LR. Time series of temperature and wind speed indicated great agreement with the observation data. Moreover, Case HR indicated outstanding results on statistical analysis such as regression, root mean square error, index of agreement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.51-70
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• 2003

In recent years, Korean rice must compete with the rice of advanced countries under Doha Development Agenda(DDA) and free Trade Agreement(FTA). Therefore we should find more active and positive solution in rice industry according to the inncreasing power of international pressure. Increasing rice production was the most important policy during the past food-deficient days, but recently, with overproduction of rice, various circulation system by the brand(price)-differentiation should be settled in a recent market of Korea. Nowadays, some advanced rice farmers and Rice Processing Complex(RPC) managers developed new brands of rice with high-quality, adding healthy materials and environment-friendly farming methods. Therefore, the future strategy of making a new brand rice should be planned including selection of rice variety, cultural and post-harvest techniques, circulation and processing methods to compete against foreign rice. And environment-friendly farming is also recommendable for food safety and differentiate from imported rice. For the purpose of successful brand-rice, the following points might be considered. Firstly, selection of good quality rice and continual development of good variety must be conducted for the differentiation of Korean rice from foreign rice. Secondly, a special contract between producer and consumer with functional-rice, organic filming-rice, specific-rice will be recommendable. Thirdly, improvement of post-harvest management and milling system are necessary for the production of differentiated-rice. Fortunately, standard of inspection, rules of description for brand-rice must be developed by a more scientific examination in order to settlement of trust for consumer. Finally, provincial or regional-representative brand rice must be settled and conducted for the development of agreement market system between producer and consumer.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 2011

China's proposal of the CAFTA (China-ASEAN Free Trade Area) in 2001 prompted a great debate about whether China was a trade competitor of ASEAN, given their similarity in economic development levels and trade/export structures. That Beijing shifted its focus on economic cooperation from the international level to the regional level led to its proposal of the CAFTA. As the Framework Agreement (Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between China and ASEAN) showed, Beijing's careful consideration for four newer ASEAN members (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam) intended not only to help all ASEAN members develop economically, but also to narrow the economic gap existing between them and the six old ASEAN members; in return, China was recognized as a full market economy, which it is not currently recognized within the framework of the WTO. The substantial rise in bilateral trade and the structural changes of the trade in goods between China and ASEAN member nations after 2001 proves that ASEAN benefited more from the CAFTA, particularly when the areas where ASEAN had the comparative advantages were designated as the priority cooperation areas between China and ASEAN. In sum, similarities existing in economic development levels and industrial structures between China and ASEAN made them natural economic competitors. However, closer studies of trade in goods of S1-7, S1-6 and S1-0 reveal that China acted as an increasingly complementary trade partner of ASEAN after 2001.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2004

Newly revised Urban Park Act and Land Planning Law are evaluated. Through exploring their functions and limits. Critical guidelines for Green Space Preservation and Planning Law are suggestec. The following is the summary of the findings: 1. New urban and regina! planning system has the foundation for green space plannig expressed as environmental planning, green space planning, landscape planning and park planning. 2. New Urban park act broadens and diversifies the range of urban park and green space(eg, stream and river, road, detention pond etc.) 3. The Urban Natural park items are removed because of long tenn unconstructed urban facilities and the new concept of 'Urban Park Zone' are inserted. And Green Space Preservation District and Urban Greening District's were introduced. And system of Contract of green space utilization and Agreement of Greening were adapted. 4. There exists new emerging needs for establishment of comprehensive green space preservation and planning law. 5. And the green space system can be classified to preservation system, recreation system and scenery system .. 6. The types of proposed green space planning are regional green space plg. urban green space plg, and district unit green space plg.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.313-324
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• 2022

The Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) involves various bilateral trade agreements and regional agreements signed between China and other countries. This study examines the impact of Chinese OFDI in ASEAN-5 countries through ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand from 2000 to 2016. This study attempts to address three research objectives. The first is to examine the motives for China's investment in ASEAN-5. The second is to explore the different impacts of China's investment across countries. The third is to investigate whether the OFDI conducted by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) will produce different impacts on the firm's efficiency score. Using the DEA approach, this study finds evidence that the overall Chinese OFDI is relatively efficient. We find that the estimated efficiency score of this OFDI has improved in pre- and post ACFTA where a higher overall efficiency score was reported when comparing pre- and post ACFTA signing for both SOEs and NSOEs. Finally, China's parent firms' efficiencies showed higher scores among NSOEs compared to SOEs after the signing of ACFTA for all ASEAN countries except Malaysia. We highlight that the country's institutional infrastructure, earlier investment presence, and diplomatic ties help in shaping an effective trade agreement.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.58-76
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• 2022

Purpose - This study examined the Rules of Origin (RoO) as a factor affecting free trade agreements' (FTA) utilization and analyzed the causal relationship and the effects of these factors on the export performance of automobile parts companies. Design/methodology - We analyzed and verified the impact of FTA utilization and the export performance of automobile parts companies by dividing the characteristics of the RoO into complexity and uncertainty. Following which, various statistical analyses were conducted on the interrelationships among these variables. Findings - This research analyzed the effect of the RoO factors of complexity and uncertainty on the use of FTA and the export performance of automobile parts companies. We found that these characteristics of RoO were generally related to and affected the FTA use and export performance of these companies. Based on this, this study's investigation into the characteristics of the RoO would then help companies in better utilizing the FTA, as well as providing suggestions on how to effectively respond to the application of the FTA in the future. Originality/value - Companies that want to utilize FTAs in international trade must follow the RoO. In the Regional Trade Agreement (RTA), the country-of-origin is a key factor, with the RoO being an important requirement for the application of preferential tariffs. These regulations are a requirement for receiving FTA preferential treatment; however, they also cause difficulties to companies in using the FTA.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2024

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been used as a tool to accurately extract the Total Electron Content (TEC) in the ionosphere. The multi-GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, and QZSS) constellations bring new opportunities for ionospheric research. In this study, we develop a regional ionospheric TEC model using GPS, Galileo, and QZSS measurements. To develop an ionospheric model covering the Asia-Oceania region, we select 13 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations. The ionospheric model applies the spherical harmonic expansion method and has a spatial resolution of 2.5°×2.5° and a temporal resolution of one hour. GPS TEC, Galileo TEC, and QZSS TEC are investigated from January 1 to January 31, 2024. Different TEC values are in good agreement with each other. In addition, we compare the QZSS(J07) TEC and the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) TEC. The results show that the QZSS TEC estimated in the study coincides closely with the CODE GIM TEC.