• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2014

This study examined housing costs and housing affordability of young college graduate renters in the Capital Region of Korea using microdata of the 2012 Korea Housing Survey (KHS). A licensed microdata set of 2012 KHS was obtained on September 29, 2012 from the official KHS Website and analyzed statistically. I selected 93,795 young college graduate renters between 20 and 29 years of age in the Capital Region and compared their housing costs across income levels and tenure type. Major findings were as follows: (1) Jeon-se deposit was on average 3.1 times the annual household income and monthly renters' deposit was 7.1 times the monthly household income; (2) households in higher income groups tended to pay a larger deposit and/or monthly rent; however, households with a lower income were found to pay a greater proportion of income to housing costs than households with a relatively higher income; (3) a total of 64% of all young college graduate renters had housing cost burdens to pay 30% or more of their income for housing, and more than 78% of the low-income households were found burdened; and (4) after housing cost payments, low-income households had less than one million KRW left to spend on other needs and savings; in addition, some low-to mid-income households had zero or even minus income left after housing cost payments.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the financial status of the small business households, and to analyze their investment behaviors according to socio-economic variables like age, income, education, job satisfaction, and region. The size of total sample was 2167 with basis of data analysis of Korean Household Panel Study from Daewoo Economic Research Center. Descriptive Statistics were used to analyze their financial status according to the socio-economic variables. The results showed that small business family's financial status was differentiated according to age, income, job satisfaction, and region. Households' investment on the primary financial institute such as bank was differentiated by income, level of education, and job satisfaction. The amount of investment on secondary financial institute such as mutual fund was differentiated by income, age, and region. The households' investment for insurance was affected by all socio-economic variables except region and not significantly different according to socio-economic variables for stock and bonds. The amount of net-asset for households was affected by the level of education, age, and income and the amount of debt most by age and income. The results of this study was useful to develop the estimation tool for the small business households credit and also provides the basic informations for the financial assistance of those households.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.26
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• pp.1-5
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to describe some common upland cropping system in Youngnam and Honam region and to analyze it's income by the system. The main results are as follows; First, there are common cropping systems consisting of "sweet potato+barely", "corn+barely" and "bean+barely". Second, the highest earning system in Youngnam region is a "sweet potato+barely" (934,544won/10a) and that in Honam region is a "sweet potato+barely"(1,210,523won/10a) respectively. Third, in the differences of the cropping system's income level between Youngnam and Honam region, the former is higher than the latter in "corn+barely" and "bean+barely" respectively.

• Journal of Korea Planning Association
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.52-66
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• 2019

Travel is a factor that stimulates the vitality of the urban and is widely used as an indicator of sustainable growth of the region. In Korea, however, no studies has been made to predict changes in traffic and calculate the accessibility of the region by comprehensively considering the socio-economic conditions of the travelers. The purpose of this study is to classify commuters according to the household income and to analyse the traffic characteristics of each class. The analysis results are aggregated into two. First, the analysis of study found different transport characteristics for different income classes. This is the result that underpins the argument of a previous study that suggested that a discriminatory approach is necessary for each income in determining the accessibility of the region. Second, this study calculated utility values differently for each income class based on the transit time and cost required between each zone. Through these measures, transport characteristics were analyzed by income class using indicators that considered transportation infrastructure, and socio-economic conditions of the travelers. This study is meaningful in that it provided the basis for calculating the accessibility that could take into account the activities of the housing consumers in establishing domestic housing policies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.59-68
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• 1988

The relative difference between Korean rural region and urban region has increased by the rapid urbanization and industrialization since 1960. Therefore it will be important to raise the income of the people living in rural region. So the Korean government established the collective side job area and rural industrial area for the increasing of the non-agricultural income. For this, the touristic resources development is also the another important means of the rural region development. So the purpose of this thesis exists in the presentation of the direction of the touristic resources development in rural region. For this purpose, three representative regions among the Korean rural regions were selected and the case study was accomplished. In this way the rough direction of the touristic resources development in rural region has presented The direction of the development and the conclusion were as follows : 1)Planners must establish the planning with the vision and demand of future than percent condition. 2)Because the urbanization is continued incessantly, the rural region is developed to be the space of resort. 3)The touristic resources development in rural region is contributed to the regional development through the raising interaction of the touristic resources. 4)The rural region is developed to be the space of the Korean rural tradition 5)The grassland os constructed in the mountenous land and the landscape of the Korean national land is changed to be the picturesque landscape. 6)The construction of the traditional artistic products is accomplished to increase the income of the people in rural region.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate income-related health inequalities among adolescent population across regions in Korea. Methods: Data of 8,456 adolescents from 1998, 2001, 2005, 2007 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for the analysis. True health status was proxied by self-rated health and overweight status. Per capita income was computed from household monthly average income adjusted by consumer price with base year 2005. Adolescent health inequalities were estimated by Concentration Index (CI) across income and space. Results: Ill health score was related with age (p<0.0001), gender (p=0.0155) and income (p<0.0001). Negative relationship between income and ill-health indicated that higher income group tended to enjoy better health and less overweight. These evidences suggested ill health were accumulated on the economically disadvantaged adolescents. The size of health inequalities (ill-health score) were estimated as CI=-0.057 and CI=-0.030 across income groups and regions, respectively. Comparable measures of within region health disparities were also observed. Conclusion: Since health disparity among adolescent population was small compared to adult population, lessening adolescent health inequality could be a helpful way of mitigating health disparities in later stage. Considering life stage of adolescents, school system and local communities could play important roles toward adolescent health distribution. Although health disparity between regions existed, health disparity within a region should not be neglected.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.10-26
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• 2019

This study is exploratory research on a relationship between changes in cultivated area of major crops and farm income by regions. We investigated level of income, volatility of income, and migration of suitable region by climate changes as factors influencing changes in cultivated area. Research processes are as follows. First, we classify the regions where cultivated areas are expanded or reduced through the trends of cultivated area by region and crop during recent 10 years. Second, we compare the changes in income related factors between groups during the same periods. Finally, the results from portfolio analysis show changes in stable income-based optimal crops. From these procedures, we found that the changes in cultivated area are not simply explained by income-related factors. In cases of vegetables, however, we also found that high volatility of income could contribute to reduce cultivated area of the crops. The results from portfolio analysis are not always consistent in all of cases. This means that crop selection can be decided by other factors than stable income.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.117-130
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• 2017

Objectives : In this study, 3,107 patients were used to evaluate the impact based on raw data of 2014 and the health status and medical expenses income quintile was collected and data was analyzed. Methods : Analysis method was the average comparison, ANOVA, subjected to a multiple logistic regression analysis, the statistical test was the t-test and the scheffe post verification. Results : Gender(p<.000), age(p<.000), marital status(p<.000) educational status (p<.000), easement(p<.000), medication(p<.000), subjective health status(p<.005) were analyzed. First quintile identified that the highest amount was spent in the Chungcheong region, the 2nd quintile showed that the highest output was in the Gyeongsang region. The 3rd and 4th quintiles indicated that the highest expenditure was in the Seoul metropolitan region. The 5th quintile showed that the Chungcheong was the highest once again and the Jeolla region was the lowest in terms of expediture. Conclusions : Future medical research on income will require the government's Big Data collection to create the primary basis for policy making in order to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and equity of medicine spending.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.621-639
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• 2000

High population and economic growth leads to ever increasing demand for water resources, prompting many regional conflicts for the water. With the observation, this paper examines the allocation problem of flowing water between upstream and downstream regions, We offer a two- region model in which the downstream region pays a portion of product to the upstream region in order to induce the upstream region to share the water. Our model shows that the "side-payment" does not always work, because the ex post income of the downstream region could be lower than the income without the side-payment This happens when the externality the upstream region imposes on the downstream region is small. The paper derives the condition under which the incentive mechanism like side-payment is likely to fail (or work). The model also shows that the higher the degree of externality is, the less amount of side-payment should be. The results of the paper suggest that the incentive scheme can help the regional conflicts be solved if the externality effect generated by the water use of upstream region is big enough, which is in fact the case where the conflict is severe.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.145-158
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• 2017

Objectives: The importance of kimchi as a traditional food in Korean cuisine has gradually decreased due to rapid industrialization, economic growth and changes in dietary patterns in Korea. This study aimed to examine the shifts in kimchi consumption by region and by income level between 2005 and 2015 in Korea. Methods: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys III (2005) and VI (2015) were used in the study (n=15,558). Intake of kimchi was estimated using a single 24-hour dietary recall. The sample weights were applied in all analyses to reflect population estimates. All statistical analyses were carried out by using SPSS IBM Statistics 20. Results: Kimchi intake has significantly decreased by 27.6 g/day per capita during the last decade in Korea; 25.0 g for males and 29.9 g for females, respectively. Over the past decade, the decline of kimchi intake has been particularly significant in Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Gyeonggi, and Gwangju, while there has been no significant change in males living in rural areas. The consumption of kimchi across all income levels has decreased, however, the decrease was higher in 'middle and low income level'. The amount of kimchi consumption in 2015 was the highest in 'low income level'. The results were similar after adjusting for gender and age. Conclusions: For the past decade, the overall intake of kimchi in Korea has decreased, however, it has been found that the decrease of kimchi intake for males living in the rural areas was not significant. Therefore, in order to keep our traditional kimchi culture and promote a balanced diet including kimchi for Korean, it is necessary to develop more efficient policies and approaches. A variety of dishes using kimchi should be developed, besides merely serving kimchi with rice as a side dish, to increase the consumption of kimchi.