• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 2013

The concept of effective control is a crucial element for the acquisition as well as maintenance of territorial title. The general meaning of the concept has been described as 'an intentional display of power and authority over the territory, by the exercise of jurisdiction and State functions, on a continuous and peaceful basis'. The concept has been developed through some significant international cases such as the Island of Palmas case (1928), Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (1933), Minquiers and Ecrehos case (1953), Burkina Faso/Mali case (1986) and Nicaragua/Colombia case (2012). In relation to Dokdo, the concept has an important bearing in regard to Korea's claims of territorial sovereignty over the island. This paper reviews the definition, components and ramifications of the effective control with regard to the acquisition and maintenance of territorial title through analyzing the relevant judgements of international courts and tribunals. Furthermore, it exams the legal ramifications of the current effective control on Dokdo and makes some suggestions for the strengthening of Korea's position on the island.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.746-757
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the internet perceived risk segments in regard to clothing benefits sought, internet shopping attitude, and internet purchase intention. The subjects used for the study were 210 male and 338 female college students. The internet perceived risk consisted of size/defect risk, social psychological risk, privacy risk, delivery risk, and price risk. The clothing benefits sought had impression improvement, fashion, individuality, figure flaws compensation, and comfort factors. The results showed that consumers were segmented by four groups based on internet perceived risk factors : 1) privacy risk group, 2) size risk group. 3) low risk group, and 4) price/social psychological risk group. The four segmented groups differed in regard to clothing benefits sought, internet shopping attitude, and internet purchase intention. For example, in regard to clothing benefits sought, the price/social Psychological risk group sought fashion more than other groups. The low risk group considered figure flaws compensation benefit less important than other groups. Concerning internet shopping attitude, the low risk group had more favorable altitude toward trust, safety, diversity, exchange/return attributes of internet shopping than other groups. The privacy risk group had more favorable attitude toward convenience and price attributes of internet shopping. Regarding internet purchase intention, the low risk group had higher intention to purchase formal, casual, and sportswear. The size risk group had higher intention to purchase fashion accessories. Further group differences and implications of the results were discussed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.69-73
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction and different support surfaces for bridge exercises on the thickness of the transverse abdominis and multifidus, which are trunk-stabilizing muscles. Methods: The study's subjects were 45 adults who were divided into three groups that performed bridge exercises over a six-week period on their respective support surfaces after blood flow restriction. Changes in the thickness of the subjects' transverse abdominis and multifidus muscles were measured using ultrasonography before the experiment, then three and six weeks after the experiment. The changes in each variable over time were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The transverse abdominis showed significant differences in muscle thickness with regard to time and the interaction between time and each group (p<0.05), but no significant differences with regard to changes among groups (p>0.05). The multifidus showed significant differences in muscle thickness with regard to time, the interaction between time and each group, and changes between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Blood flow restriction and different support surfaces for bridge exercises led to significant differences in the thickness of the transverse abdominis and multifidus. This study's results may be used as the basis for future studies and for rehabilitation in clinical practice.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2012

Purpose : This study purposed to analyze how dynamic stabilization exercise on an unstable surface, and static stabilization exercise on muscle strength and endurance. Methods : For this study we sampled 9 people for the unstable surface dynamic stabilization exercise group, 9 for the stable surface static stabilization exercise group, and 9 for the control group. In order to examine muscle strength and endurance, we measured changes in the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) using a dynamometer before, 3 weeks after, and 6 weeks after the experiment. Results : First, with regard to change in muscle strength, flexion strength showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Extension strength showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Second, with regard to change in endurance, flexion endurance showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Extension endurance showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Conclusion : In conclusion, this study confirmed significant changes in interaction between the groups and by time with regard to changes in muscle strength and endurance. These results suggest the potential of surface dynamic stabilization exercise as a clinical intervention.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.46-58
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the physical surroundings and the salesperson's service in apparel stores, and to examine their effects on customer satisfaction and the intention to repurchase. The data was collected from a questionnaire conducted on 312 female adults who had just finished shopping, and was analyzed by frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, regressive analysis and ANOVA analysis with SPSS 10.0. The results were as follows: (1) As a result of the factor analysis, five factors were identified with regard to physical surroundings: spatial layout and functionality, presentation and aesthetics, ambience, convenience, and information. The factors pertaining to the salesperson's service in apparel stores were divided into four dimensions: knowledge and assurance, convenience and responsiveness, etiquette, and empathy. (2) As far as physical surroundings are concerned, spatial layout and functionality, presentation and aesthetics, ambience, and convenience were all found to influence customer satisfaction. In terms of salesperson's service, convenience and responsiveness, etiquette, and empathy each had an influence on customer satisfaction. (3) Furthermore, physical surroundings and the salesperson's service influenced the intention to repurchase. The intention to repurchase is influenced by spatial layout and functionality, ambience, convenience, and information with regard to physical surroundings, by knowledge and assurance, convenience and responsiveness, and empathy with regard to the salesperson's service. (4) It was revealed that the significance of the physical surroundings and salesperson service factors varies depending on the consumer's age, level of education, and income.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.202-208
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• 2019

Objective: Suicide has recently become an important social problem. Thus, we analyzed prescription drugs that cause suicidal ideation. Methods: Of 156 drugs on the the Minister of Food and Drug Safty (MFDS) EZ-Drug site that had "suicide" listed as a side effect, 78 had "suicide" listed as a warning or contraindication; those 78 drugs were analyzed using data from the 2016 Health Insurance and Review and Assessment Services National Patient Sample (HIRA-NPS). Results: 51 "suicide risk" drugs was identified. Of all patients, 5.2% had received such drugs. The prescription rate was 0.8% of all prescriptions, accounting for 1.6% of all prescription days. From logistic regression analysis, the prescription rate for the drugs was approximately 1.1 times higher for women than for men. With regard to age, the prescription rate for patients 66 years and older was 15.5 times higher than those for patients 25-years and lower. With regard to medical departments, the prescription rates in psychiatry and dermatology departments were 8.1 times higher and 0.6 times lower than those in internal medicine departments, respectively. With regard to region, the prescription rates in Daegu and Jeju were 1.3 times higher and 0.79 times lower than those in Seoul, respectively. Conclusion: Drug-induced suicidal behavior is possible, and therefore efforts are needed to prevent it.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.149-159
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• 2000

Bee-venom Acupucture has good effect on pain control but We may be anxious about the problem of side-effect. Bee-venom components are composed of phospholipase $A_2$, hyaluronidase, melitin, apamin, MCD peptide, citrate and so on. Especially Apamin, MCD peptide and histamine cause severe reacting that is named Anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a clinical syndrome characterized by the acute system reaction of multiple organ systems to an IgE-mediated immunologic mediator release in previously sensitized individuals. Respiratory and dermatologic manifestations are the most commonly expressed clinical features of anaphylaxis, and a majority of anaphylactic reactions initially appear to be localized to these two systems. Anaphylatic reaction of bee-venom are expressed clinically ulticaria, itching sensation, erythema, dizziness, nausea, hypotension and so on. Especially ulticaria and erythema are end points of increased vascular permeability and vasodilatation at the other extreme of the clinical spectrum, Gastrointestinal mucosal edema and smooth muscle contraction can result in cramping abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Therefore, we have observed anaphylatic reaction of bee-venom in 11 patients, who visited WonKwang University Kunpo Oriental Medical Center, treated bee venom. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The patient distribution ratio, in regard to sex, was shown to be 1 : 2.67 for male to females. In regard to age, it was shown that people in their 30's was the most predominant case, followed by people in their 20's, 30's, 50's and 60's, respectively. 2. When Anaphylaxis was occured, it was observed to abnormality of CBC, LFT, IgE, IgG. 3. In regard to patient condition, it was observed that fatigue was most frequent. 4. In regard to the number of times and quantity of bee venom inj., it was observed that anaphylaxis is most frequent at 7-10 times(1.6-2.0cc) 5. In regard to duration of reaction, it was observed that people in their l0min' was most frequent. In disappearing duration of anaphylaxic reaction, The results showed under 60min lcases(9%), 60-120min 7cases(64%) and 180-240min 3cases(27%). 6. In symptoms of anaphylaxis, The results showed hypotension 8cases(19%), itching sensation 7cases(16%), nausea 4cases(9%), erythema 4cases(9%) and dizziness 4cases(9%). In mentality, The results showed drowsy 8case(73%) and alert 3cases(27%). 7. Generally, patients were treated with Avil, Dexa IM and PDS, peniramine, cimetidine, Q-zyme per os after H/S, N/S inj. $O_2$ was supplied according to patient's symptom. In 1 severe case, Dopamine was iv injected.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 1998

This Evaluation was made through 300 persons who had attended the lecture organized by O. M. P. T. (Orthopeadic Manual Physical Therapy) during the period of January to June 1998 in Seoul and in other six(6) cities. The result of evaluation is summarized as follows : 1. With regard to general satisfaction with lecture, it was evaluated as 'more than good 'by 204 person(68.0%) for 'Preparation for lecture of lecturer' and by 194 person (64.7%) for 'Teaching Method'. Statistically, the significance was largely given to 'Place and Preparation for Lecture of Lecturer' and 'Preparation for Lecture as per each Lecturer' (P< 0.001). 2. With regard to understanding of lecture, it was evaluated as 'more then good' by 190 persons(63.3%) for 'Appropriate Teaching Hours' and by 149 persons(49.7%) for 'Appropriate Degree of Lecture Difficulties'. Statistically, the significance was largely given to 'Lecturer and Appropriateness of Teaching Hours' (P< 0.05) and 'Appropriateness of Teaching Courses and Degree of Lecture Difficulties' (P< 0.01). 3. With regard to satisfaction with lecture's performance, it was evaluated as 'more than good' by 194 persons(64.7%) for 'Lecturer's Zeal for Teaching' and by 198 persons(66.8%) for 'Suitability of Textbook'. Statistically, the significance was largely given to 'Sex Distinction and Lectuer's Zeal for Teaching' (P< 0.01) and 'Lecturer and Suitability of Textbook' (P< 0.05). 4. With regard to teaching environment, it was evaluated as 'more than good' by 102 persons(37.4%) for 'Appropriateness of Teaching Environment' and by 193 persons(64.3%) for 'Provision of Appropriate Audio-Visual Aids for Teaching'. Statistically, the significance was largely given to 'Place and Appropriateness of audio-visual aids for Teaching' (P<0.05). 5. With regard to parctical use of lecture, it was evaluated as 'more than good' by 172 persons(54.7%) for 'Usefulness to clinical demonstration' and by 209 person(69.6%) for 'Attitude towards study'. With the result of evaluation made as in the above, we are able to see that the education of orthopedic physical therapy which is organized by Orthpedic Physical Therapy Society of Korea, is being successfully conducted and evaluated by its members, and furthermore the staff of this society has to make his best endeavoures for the growth of this society and for the development of this education.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 1999

This evaluation was made through 1219 persons who had attended the lecture organized by O.M.T.( Orthopeadic Manual Therapy ) during the period of January to December 1998 in Seoul and in other 11 cities. The result of evaluation is summarized as follows : 1. With regard to general satisfaction with lecture, it was evaluated as 'more than good 'by 919 person(75.6%) for Preparation for lecture of lecturer' and by 969 person (71.4%) for 'Teaching Method'. Statistically, the significance was largely given to 'Couse and Preparation for Lecture of Lecturer' and 'Preparation for Lecture as per each Lecturer' (P< 0.001). 2. With regard to understanding of lecture, it was evaluated as 'more then good' by 675 persons(55.4%) for 'Appropriate Degree of Lecture Difficulties'. Statistically, the significance was largely given to 'Appropriateness of Teaching Courses and Degree of Lecture Difficulties' (P< 0.001). Degree of Lecture Difficulties' (P< 0.001). 3. With regard to satisfaction with lecture's performance, it was evaluated as 'more than good' by 969 persons (87.7%) for 'Lecturer's Zeal for Teaching" and by 751 persons(61.6%) for 'Suitability of Textbook'. Statistically, the significance was largely given to 'Sex Distinction and Lectuer's Zeal for Teaching' (P< 0.001) and 'Lecturer and Suitability of Textbook' (P< 0.001). 4. With regard to teaching environment, it was evaluated as 'more than good' by 464 persons(38.2%) for 'Appropriateness of Teaching Environment' and by 751 persons(61.8%) for 'provision of Appropriate Audio-Visual Aids for Teaching', Statistically, the significance was largely given to 'place and Appropriateness of audio-visual aids for Teaching' (P< 0.001). 5. With regard to parctical use of lecture, it was evaluated as 'more than good' by 805 persons(67.5%) for 'Usefulness to clinical demonstration' and by 873 person(71.7%) for 'Attitude towards study'. With the result of evaluation made as in the above, we are able to see that the education of orthopedic physical therapy which is organized by Orthpedic Physical Therapy Society of Korea, is being successfully conducted and evaluated by its members, and furthermore the staff of this society has to make his best endeavoures for the growth of this society and for the development of this education.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.263-280
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• 2014

The purpose of our study was to figure out the generation gap between adolescents group and parents group in the sub-dimensions of perceptions on online games, such as harmfulness and benefits of online games, impacts and values of online games, parent-adolescent relationship with regard to online game activities, and government regulation of online games. To this end, we conducted online survey targeting middle or high school students and parents with children attending middle or high school regarding the perceptions on online games. As a result, we identified the similarities and differences between adolescents and parents generation in the sub-dimensions of perceptions on online games. Especially, we found significant differences between adolescents and parents generation in the perceptions on violence and sociality of online games. This result shows that the generation gap in these two factors may cause the conflict between parents and adolescents with regard to online game activities. Also, we ascertained the significant generation gap in the perception on parent-adolescent relationship with regard to online game activities. This result implies that parent-adolescent relationship in the developmental process of adolescents in real life was reflected in the perception on parent-adolescent relationship with regard to online game activities. Our contributions are in specifying the generation gap in the sub-dimensions of the perceptions on online games and in identifying the main causes of the conflict between parents group and adolescent group with regard to online game activities.