• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2000

This study was designed to investigate the effect of treatment variables on CCA treatment of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis), and ezo spruce (Picea jezoensis) round posts. Variables included were duration of initial vacuum (30, 45, or 60 minutes) and maximum pressure applied (8.5, 10.5, or 14.0 kg/$cm^2$), and maximum pressure was maintained until refusal point was reached. Regardless of wood species, extending the duration of initial vacuum more than 30 minutes did not affect treatability. Increasing pressure did not affect preservative penetration; however, preservative retention was affected by pressure levels, particularly at higher level (14.0 kg/$cm^2$). Preservative penetration depth of Japanese red pine met a minimum requirement specified by Notification of Korean Forestry Administration (No. 1999-8) for hazard class H5 of CCA-treated wood. Penetration of preservative in both Japanese larch and ezo spruce was not deep because of shallow sapwood thickness of these species, so pretreatment such as incising should be considered if these species are treated with preservatives. Although retention in Japanese red pine was not significantly increased even with 14.0 kg/$cm^2$, that of refractory Japanese larch and ezo spruce was significantly increased with the application of 14.0 kg/$cm^2$. Effect of treatment variables on refusal time was unclear; however, it is cleared that the refusal time was shortened with the increase in sapwood thickness.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.138-141
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• 2012

Rituximab, a chimeric anti-CD20 IgG1 monoclonal antibody, has been used as a rescue therapy for steroid-dependent or refractory nephrotic syndrome. However, the adverse effects of rituximab are yet to be investigated. We report a case of a 9-year-old boy with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome who developed Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease after several cycles of rituximab therapy. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a benign, self-limited necrotizing histiocytic lymphadenitis of unknown etiology. In the present case, Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease developed when the peripheral blood B-cell count of the patient was at nadir, and the lesion regressed slowly but spontaneously after recovery of the B-cell count. To our knowledge, although the pathologic diagnosis of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease was unavailable, this is the first report of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease with clinical diagnosis as a possible adverse effect of rituximab.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.77-89
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• 1981

The experimental study was undertaken to confirm the effect of vaccination of birds with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines on the Market by use of th. various vaccination programs. Sixteen groups of birds varying from 2 to f days of age, which were originated from hyper-immunised hens against ND were immunised by three different ways, a live vaccine only, a killed vaccine only, and the combination of a live and killed vaccine according to the each schedule of employed programs. In the administration of a live vaccine only, birds were immunized by one of following methods, the combination of intranasal and intraocular inoculation, intramuscular inoculation, via drinking water and the double inoculation by spray and drinking water application. Except for the double application, all the birds were vaccinated 2,3 or 4 times with two volumes of the virus dose (drinking water application) instructed by the commercial vaccine laboratory, until 21, 28 or 30 days of age, and all the immunized birds 19, 21 or 28 days postvaccination were challenged intramuscularly with 1.0$m\ell$ of 10,000 MLD per $m\ell$ of a virulent ND virus. In the administration of the combination of a live and killed vaccine, birds were immunized 2 or 3 times intranasally at first until 14 or 28 days of age with the same dose of the above experiment of a live vaccine, and then inoculated intramuscularly 1 or 2 times until 60 days of age with 1.0 $m\ell$ of a killed vaccine. And all immunized birds 11 days postvaccination were challenged with the same procedure of the above experiment. In the administration of a killed vaccine only, birds were immunized 3 times intramuscularly until 28 days of age with varied dose (0.2-0.5 $m\ell$) of a killed vaccine and all immunized birds 33 days postvaccination were challenged with the same procedure of the above experiment. The results obtained are summerised as follows: All birds vaccinated by using the combination of a live and killed vaccine program or a killed vaccin only appeared to be refractory. without any sign of illness, to the challenge exposure with 1.0$m\ell$ of 10,000 MLD per $m\ell$ of a virulent ND virus. On the other hand, the survival rates of birds of live vaccine groups immunized by a number of vaccine program such as Salsbury's day old program, 3-3-3 program, the Institute of Veterinary Reserch program and Multiple inoculation program, were 39.58%, 43.7%, 43.75% and 47.80%, respectively. And the survival rates of birds vaccinated with a live vaccine by 4 different ways of administration, i.e., double inoculation by water and aerosol application, intramuscular injection, intranasal instillation and via 4.inking water were 87.50%, 64.06%, 42.18% and 25.00%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.589-596
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• 2009

The spectroscopic characteristics and chemical oxygen demand (COD) oxidation efficiencies were investigated for dissolved organic matters (DOM) from diverse sources, which may indirectly affect the concentrations and the quality of DOM found in watersheds. The DOM investigated for this study showed a wide range of the percent distributions of refractory organic matter (R-OM) from 8 to 100%. Relatively high R-OM distributions were observed for the DOM with the source of head water, sediments, paddy soils, field soils, and treated sewage whereas the DOM from livestock waste, reed, weeds, algae, and attached algae exhibited lower R-OM percent distributions. The percent distribution of R-OM had positive correlations with specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and humidification indices (HIX) of DOM. The investigated DOM was classified into four different source groups (i.e., biota, vegetables, soils, sediments) by comparing the synchronous fluorescence spectra. The DOM group from biota source was characterized by a prominent presence of protein-like fluorescence (PLF) whereas fulvic-like fluorescence (FLF) was additionally observed for vegetable-source DOM. FLF became significant for the DOM from both soils and sediments although no PLF was found for soil-derived DOM. A range of COD oxidation efficiency was observed for the various DOM, ranging from 36 to 94% and from 65 to 125% for $COD_{Mn}$ and $COD_{Cr}$, respectively. The results indicate that $COD_{Cr}$ reflects the higher OM concentration than $COD_{Mn}$. However, 95% confidence intervals of the COD oxidation efficiencies were similar for the two types of COD, suggesting that $COD_{Cr}$ may not be the superior OM index to $COD_{Mn}$ in terms of the variability of the oxidation efficiency. No significant correlations were obtained between COD oxidation efficiencies and the spectroscopic characteristics of DOM for this study.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2001

Among the biodegradability tests, TOC-HANDAI and OECD method were utilized to examine the degree of biodegradation of endocrine disruptors, Bisphenol A (BPA) and Nonylphenol. Both methods used natural water microcosms and measured their biodegrada-bilities of BPA and Nonylphenol, in terms of TOC or DOC degradation with time for 28 days. Biodegradabilities for BPA, 73-78% with TOC-HANDAI method and 77-81% with OECD method were obtained respectively at the end of experiment. There was no difference in BPA degradation between two methods. BPA degradation was described by two distinct first order decay rates (k$_1$ and k$_2$) which could be separated by a simple visual fitting. Most of the initial decay reaction accelerated within 1-7 days with k$_1$of 0.24-0.34 $day^{-1}$. And the following another long term first order decay coefficient (k$_2$) showed 0.02-0.05 day$^{-1}$ with much flat slope. About 20-25% of initial BPA remained at the end of experiment. It suggests that the remaining TOC components in BPA biodegradation considered to be refractory metabolites of BPA. Nonylphenol at each sampling point was appeared to be mineralized 20-48% of initial TOC concentration. Consequently Nonylphenol seems more recalcitrant against biodegradation. BPA was not detected in the detection limit of ppb in the watershed of Daechung reservoir and Kum river. However 25 ppb concentration of BPA was detected at the influent of industrial wastewater treatment plant in Taejon.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2015

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ia is rare inborn metabolic disorder, caused by glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency. It characterized by hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperuricemia and it is usually manifested in the infantile period. In addition, it is also associated with growth failure, pubertal delay, anemia, platelet dysfunction, osteopenia, and pulmonary hypertension. Hepatocellular adenoma and renal dysfunction are frequent late complications. Delayed diagnosis and inappropriate therapy lead to many complications such as growth failure, osteoporosis, refractory gout, renal failure, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and pulmonary hypertension. Here, two Korean sisters diagnosed with GSD Ia, aged 33 and 36 respectively, were described and compared to recent articles about four adults with late diagnosis of GSD Ia. One sister had typical manifestations of GSD Ia including short stature (height, 145 cm), multiple hepatic adenoma, chronic kidney disease stage IV, and severe osteoporosis, whereas the older sister had normal stature (162 cm), one tiny hepatic nodule, and normal renal function. Direct sequencing of G6PC in two sisters identified a homozygous splicing mutation, c.645G>T, which is a prevalent mutation in Korea. Interestingly, our cases and four adults from recent reports had asymptomatic mild hypoglycemia and various manifestations including renal failure, HCC, fatty liver, or uncontrolled hyperlipidemia. These adult cases represent not only heterogenous phenotype to genotype within family members with GSD Ia but also long-term complications such as gouty arthritis, renal failure, and osteoporosis in untreated adult GSD Ia patients. In addition, lactic academia and hypertriglyceridemia are good markers of GSD Ia to distinguish from metabolic disease.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.769-776
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• 2014

Anisomycin, also known as flagecidin, is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseolus that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomal 28S subunit. The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a protein that induces apoptotic cell death. TRAIL primarily causes apoptosis in tumor cells by binding to death receptors. Many human cancer cell lines are refractory to TRAIL-induced cell death. In this study, we investigated whether anisomycin could enhance TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant human hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells. Treatment with anisomycin and TRAIL alone did not reduce cell viability in Hep3B cells. However, in the presence of TRAIL, the anisomycin concentration dependently reduced the cell viability. Our results indicate that anisomycin sensitizes Hep3B cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and that this occurs, at least partly, via caspase activation. Interestingly, Bid knockdown by small interfering RNA significantly reduced the induction of apoptosis in combination with anisomycin and TRAIL, indicating that anisomycin effectively acts to lower the threshold at which TRAIL-mediated truncated Bid triggers the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis program in Hep3B cells. Therefore, the use of TRAIL in combination with anisomycin might provide an effective therapeutic strategy for the safe treatment of some TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.235-237
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• 2001

;Dentistry has benefited from tremendous advances in technology with the introduction of new techniques and materials, and patients are aware that esthetic approaches in dentistry can change one's appearance. Increasingly. tooth-colored restorative materials have been used for restoration of posterior teeth. Tooth-colored restoration for posterior teeth can be divided into three categories: 1) the direct techniques that can be made in a single appointment and are an intraoral procedure utilizing composites: 2) the semidirect techniques that require both an intraoral and an extraoral procedure and are luted chairside utilizing composites: and 3) the indirect techniques that require several appointments and the expertise of a dental technician working with either composites or ceramics. But, resin restoration has inherent drawbacks of microleakage. polymerization shrinkage, thermal cycling problems. and wear in stress-bearing areas. On the other hand, Ceramic restorations have many advantages over resin restorations. Ceramic inlays are reported to have less leakage than resin restoration and to fit better. although marginal fidelity depends on technique and is laboratory dependent. Adhesion of luting resin is more reliable and durable to etched ceramic material than to treated resin composite. In view of color matching, periodontal health. resistance to abrasion, ceramic restoration is superior to resin restorationl. Materials which have been used for the fabrication of ceramic restorations are various. Conventional powder slurry ceramics are also available. Castable ceramics are produced by centrifugal casting of heat-treated glass ceramics. and machinable ceramics are feldspathic porcelains or cast glass ceramics which are milled using a CAD/CAM apparatus to produce inlays (for example, Cered. They may also be copy milled using the Celay apparatus. Pressable ceramics are produced from feldspathic porcelain which is supplied in ingot form and heated and moulded under pressure to produce a restoration. Infiltrated ceramics are another class of material which are available for use as ceramic inlays. An example is $In-Ceram^{\circledR}$(Vident. California, USA) which consists of a porous aluminum oxide or spinell core infiltrated with glass and subsequently veneered with feldspathic porcelain. In the 1980s. the development of compatible refractory materials made fabrication easier. and the development of adhesive resin cements greatly improved clinical success rates. This case report presents esthetic ceramic inlays for posterior teeth.teeth.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2003

Radiation synovectomy is one of the most useful methods for treating patients with refractory synovitis because of its convenience, long-term effects, repeatability and the avoidance of surgery. In this study, we investigated the toxicity, stability and biodistribution of a rhenium-188 ($^{188}$Re)-tin colloid to evaluate its suitability as a synovectomy agent. Twenty four hours after injecting the $^{188}$Re-tin colloids (74 KBq/0.1 mL) into the tail vein of ICR mice, most of the $^{188}$Retin colloidal particles was found in the lungs. In addition, there were no particle size changes at either room temperature or at $37^{\circ}C$ after injecting the $^{188}$Re-tin colloids in human plasma and synovial fluid. In vitro stability tests showed that the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid remained in a colloidal form without a critical size variation over a 2-day period. We investigated the leakage of $^{188}$Retin colloids from the intraarticular injection site with gamma counting in New Zealand white rabbits. The $^{188}$Re-tin colloids (55.5 MBq/0.15 mL) were injected at the cavum articular and the mean retention percentage of the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid was 98.7% for 1 day at the injection site, which suggests that there was neither change in the particle size nor leakage at the injection sites. In the biodistribution study with the SD rats, the liver showed the highest radioactivity (0.0427% ID/organ) except for the injected knees (99.49%). In the SD rats, mild toxicities including the skin or a synovium inflammation were observed as a result of a radioactivity of 15 mCi/kg at the intraarticular injection site. However, there was no systemic toxicity. In the Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced arthritic rabbits, the $^{188}$Re-tin colloid improved the macroscopic, the histological score and reduced the knee joint diameter when compared to the arthritic control. In conclusion, a $^{188}$Re-tin-colloid is considered as a strong candidate for radiation synovectomy with a superior efficacy and safety.

• Clean Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 1999

Fenton's oxidation can improve the biodegradability of refractory organic wastewater by generating $OH{\cdot}$ which is one of the most reactive species. Fenton's reagent is used to treat a variety of industrial waste containing a range of toxic organic compounds. But this process cannot be economical because of high chemical cost of $H_2O_2$, ferrous ion solution and high sludge disposal cost. In this study, we proposed a modified Fenton's oxidation process which can reduce the reagent cost and obtain better removal efficiencies with less Fenton's reagents, and have a good potential of sludge recycling. In modified Fenton reaction, ferrous ion solution is adjusted to optimal pH with NaOH. Then it added to the sample and reacted to $H_2O_2$. For the experiment, synthetic wastewater made of phenol, which is one of the typical water pollutants, was used and the ionic strength of this wastewater was controlled by adding $NaHCO_3$. The effects of DO, ionic strength, and $H_2O_2$ dosing methods were investigated. As a result, modified Fenton's treatment efficiencies are better than conventional Fenton's reaction treating leachate and dyeing wastewater. And modified Fenton's treatment efficiencies combined to the sludge recycling for a half of Iron dosage are as good as the conventional Fenton's for a normal Iron dosage.