• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2006년도 International Symposium on GPS/GNSS Vol.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2006

This paper presents a novel signal tracking algorithm for GNSS receivers using a MLE technique. In order to perform a robust signal tracking in severe signal environments, e.g., high dynamics for navigation vehicles or weak signals for indoor positioning, the MLE based signal tracking approach is adopted in the paper. With assuming white Gaussian additive noise, the cost function of MLE is expanded to the cost function of NLSE. Efficient and practical approach for Doppler frequency tracking by the MLE is derived based on the assumption of code-free signals, i.e., the cost function of the MLE for carrier Doppler tracking is used to derive a discriminator function to create error signals from incoming and reference signals. The use of the MLE method for carrier tracking makes it possible to generalize the MLE equation for arbitrary codes and modulation schemes. This is ideally suited for various GNSS signals with same structure of tracking module. This paper proposes two different types of MLE based tracking method, i.e., an iterative batch processing method and a non-iterative feed-forward processing method. The first method is derived without any limitation on time consumption, while the second method is proposed for a time limited case by using a 1st derivative of cost function, which is proportional to error signal from discriminators of conventional tracking methods. The second method can be implemented by a block diagram approach for tracking carrier phase, Doppler frequency and code phase with assuming no correlation of signal parameters. Finally, a state space form of FLL/PLL/DLL is adopted to the designed MLE based tracking algorithm for reducing noise on the estimated signal parameters.

• 교육시설 논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2011

In this study, it did comparative analysis on the arrangement, construction and size of rooms applied in the early design stage at the time of prize-winning with the changed ground plans in the final design of those prize-winning works in design contests and BTL hold since 2007 for middle and high schools in Gyeonggi, Daejeon, Chungcheong regions. Through the analysis, this study intends to present those matters to be changed in the facilities standards of each local education office so that it can be referred to the assessment of spatial construction and proper size being planned in the future for middle and high schools and reflected flexibly in consideration of various educational conditions and characteristics of schools by regions. Furthermore, it has the objective to play a part for the establishment of much better environment of educational facilities by provision of reference materials to those matters being changed into proper ones not into the minimum ones of the school facilities standards as the national level. For case analysis, it analyzed various rooms classified by necessary spaces. Since names of rooms and spatial constructions to constitute facilities are different from each local education office and also the analysis by each room has some limitation in the changes and improvement of rooms for a wide range, it proceeded with detailed classifications of school building facilities by each necessary space.

• 전력전자학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.466-476
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• 2013

This paper describes a fuzzy control method to control the output voltage of the three-phase Z-source PWM rectifier. A fuzzy control system is a control system based on fuzzy logic, and the fuzzy controller uses a single input fuzzy theory with its fuzzification. Analytical structure of the simplest fuzzy controller is derived through the triangular membership functions with its fuzzification. By setting the membership functions of the fuzzy rules, fuzzy control is achieved. The PI portion of the output DC voltage controller is controlled by fuzzy method. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, the simulation and experiment were performed, The simulation is performed with PSIM and MATLAB/SIMULINK. For the experiment, we used a DSP(TMS320F28335) controller to compute the reference value and generate the PWM pulses. For the transient state performance of the output DC voltage control of Z-source PWM rectifier, the PI controller and fuzzy controller were compared, also the conventional PWM rectifier and Z-source PWM rectifier were compared. From the results, the Z-source rectifier could allow to buck or boost of the output DC voltage. Through the analysis of the transient state, we could observe that the fuzzy controller has better performance than the conventional PI controller.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.537-544
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 안정성 영역 판별법(stability area) 기반 발사체의 자세제어기 이득결정과정에 대한 내용을 기술하였다. 안정성 영역 판별법은 D-Decomposition 기법으로부터 정의되는 것으로 본 논문에서는 D-Decomposition 기본 이론과 이로부터 산출된 발사체의 자세 안정성 영역을 도시하고, 적용 예로써 일반적인 발사체의 1단 추력 비행구간에서 자세제어기 설계과정을 제시하였다. 제어이득 결정을 위해서 중첩된 안정성 영역을 바탕으로 시스템 파라미터 불확실성을 고려 안정성 영역 경계(stability area boundary)를 설정하고, 선정된 제어이득을 발사체 선형모델에 적용, 자세 안정성 분석 수행 결과를 나타냈다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.323-333
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• 2016

In this study, the uncertainty requirements for orbit, attitude, and burn performance were estimated and analyzed for the execution of the $1^{st}$ lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuver of the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) mission. During the early design phase of the system, associate analysis is an essential design factor as the $1^{st}$ LOI maneuver is the largest burn that utilizes the onboard propulsion system; the success of the lunar capture is directly affected by the performance achieved. For the analysis, the spacecraft is assumed to have already approached the periselene with a hyperbolic arrival trajectory around the moon. In addition, diverse arrival conditions and mission constraints were considered, such as varying periselene approach velocity, altitude, and orbital period of the capture orbit after execution of the $1^{st}$ LOI maneuver. The current analysis assumed an impulsive LOI maneuver, and two-body equations of motion were adapted to simplify the problem for a preliminary analysis. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for the statistical analysis to analyze diverse uncertainties that might arise at the moment when the maneuver is executed. As a result, three major requirements were analyzed and estimated for the early design phase. First, the minimum requirements were estimated for the burn performance to be captured around the moon. Second, the requirements for orbit, attitude, and maneuver burn performances were simultaneously estimated and analyzed to maintain the $1^{st}$ elliptical orbit achieved around the moon within the specified orbital period. Finally, the dispersion requirements on the B-plane aiming at target points to meet the target insertion goal were analyzed and can be utilized as reference target guidelines for a mid-course correction (MCC) maneuver during the transfer. More detailed system requirements for the KPLO mission, particularly for the spacecraft bus itself and for the flight dynamics subsystem at the ground control center, are expected to be prepared and established based on the current results, including a contingency trajectory design plan.

• 전력전자학회논문지
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.386-393
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 3상 3선식 전력시스템에서 전류 고조파와 전원 전압 불평형을 보상하는 직렬형 능동전력필터에 관하여 연구하였다. 직렬형 능동전력필터는 병렬형 수동필터와 병용으로 구성되어져 수동필터의 고조파 보상 능력을 향상시켜주며, 전원측의 전류 고조파를 더욱 저감시키고, 전원 전압의 불평형을 보상하여 부하측에 평형한 전원조건이 형성되도록 보상해 준다. 제안하는 제어 알고리즘은 전류 고조파 보상을 위한 방법과 전원 전압 불평형을 보상하는 방법으로 나누어지며 최종적인 보상 전압은 계산되어진 두 가지 보상 전압의 합의 형태가 되겠다. 전류 고조파 보상을 위한 보상 지령 전압은 정의되어진 성능함수에 의해 계산되어지며, 전원 전압 불평형 보상을 위한 보상 지령 전압은 동기 좌표를 이용하여 계산되어진다. 실험을 통하여 제안하는 알고리즘의 우수성을 입증하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.359-364
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to propose the range of five phases which need to be essentially included in the introductory course of Korean medicine, its significance and the relationship with applied subjects. The students in School of Korean Medicine participated in a survey to figure out the response rate and status of the five phases described in the textbooks. In the preparatory survey, 43 items in the phases were selected; in the main one, there were differences only in the response rate to respective items, not in the grade level. In addition, the survey for the present condition of the textbooks was conducted with six categories to see if there is description of the five phases. Based on the two results, the importance of 43 five phases items was classified into low, medium, and high levels. It is expected that the efficiency of education can be increased if 14 items included in high significance and 11 in medium, which are classified according to the findings of this study, must be instructed in the introductory course of Korean medicine, and if 18 items in low significance are used as reference materials.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2014

PURPOSE: This study concerns the wheelchair-based rehabilitation of elderly people, investigating muscle activity and coordination of upper limbs during wheelchair-based new millennium health gymnastics with varying elbow exercise velocity. METHODS: Twelve elderly people participated in new millennium gymnastics twice per week during 12-weeks. The group was separated into 0.4, 1.0, and 1.6 Hz groups (controlled by the metronome speed). Range of motion was measured by electrogoniometer, electromyography signals used root mean square values. The data application was normalized using reference voluntary contraction (%RVC). Upper limb (wrist and elbow joint) data gathered while standing up after the "falling on hips" was investigated in terms of coordination of angle-angle plots. One-way ANOVA, paired t-test and Scheffe's post hoc comparisons, were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: There were results taken before and after the experiments. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the triceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis of the 0.4 Hz group (p<.05). There was significant difference in the triceps brachi of the 1 Hz group. No significant differences were found in all muscles of the 1.6 Hz group. Muscle co-activation indexes of the 0.4 Hz group were larger than the others. The 0.4 Hz graph was turning point synchronized clockwise. The 1 Hz graph was out of phase with the negative slope. The 1.6 Hz graph was turning point synchronized counterclockwise, and uncontrolled factor phase was offset on angle-angle plots. CONCLUSION: It is found that improvement of muscle activity and upper limbs coordination of elderly people using wheelchair-based new millennium gymnastics is optimal with elbow exercise velocity with a frequency of 0.4 Hz.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2021

본 논문은 차세대 사물인터넷 디바이스를 위한 에너지 효율적인 캐시 및 메모리 관리 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법은 전력 소모가 적은 상변화 메모리를 사물인터넷 디바이스의 메인 메모리로 채택하고 캐시 메모리의 관리 시 쓰기 연산에 취약한 상변화 메모리의 쓰기량을 최소화하는 방향으로 설계한다. 구체적으로 살펴보면 최종단 캐시 메모리에서 캐시 블록이 삭제되어 메인 메모리로 반영될 때, 캐시 블록을 구성하는 캐시 라인별 수정 여부를 추적하여 상변화 메모리에 쓰기 발생량을 적게 발생시키는 캐시 블록을 우선적으로 교체한다. 또한, 최종단 캐시 메모리에서 캐시 블록의 참조 비트와 캐시 라인의 수정 비트를 함께 고려함으로써 메모리 시스템의 성능은 훼손하지 않으면서 에너지 소모를 줄이는 방식을 사용한다. 스펙 벤치마크를 이용한 시뮬레이션 실험을 통해 제안한 기법이 상변화 메모리에 발생하는 쓰기량을 평균 34.6% 줄이고 전력 소모를 28.9% 줄이면서 메모리의 성능 저하는 발생시키지 않음을 보인다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.2.1-2.10
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• 2021

Background: Diseases related to cerebrospinal fluid flow, such as hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, and Chiari malformation, are often found in small dogs. Although studies in human medicine have revealed a correlation with cerebrospinal fluid flow in these diseases by magnetic resonance imaging, there is little information and no standard data for normal dogs. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to obtain cerebrospinal fluid flow velocity data from the cerebral aqueduct and subarachnoid space at the foramen magnum in healthy beagle dogs. Methods: Six healthy beagle dogs were used in this experimental study. The dogs underwent phase-contrast and time-spatial labeling inversion pulse magnetic resonance imaging. Flow rate variations in the cerebrospinal fluid were observed using sagittal time-spatial labeling inversion pulse images. The pattern and velocity of cerebrospinal fluid flow were assessed using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging within the subarachnoid space at the foramen magnum level and the cerebral aqueduct. Results: In the ventral aspect of the subarachnoid space and cerebral aqueduct, the cerebrospinal fluid was characterized by a bidirectional flow throughout the cardiac cycle. The mean ± SD peak velocities through the ventral and dorsal aspects of the subarachnoid space and the cerebral aqueduct were 1.39 ± 0.13, 0.32 ± 0.12, and 0.76 ± 0.43 cm/s, respectively. Conclusions: Noninvasive visualization of cerebrospinal fluid flow movement with magnetic resonance imaging was feasible, and a reference dataset of cerebrospinal fluid flow peak velocities was obtained through the cervical subarachnoid space and cerebral aqueduct in healthy dogs.