• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.806-816
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• 2017

This study aims to offer effective policies for managing local temperatures and reducing the heat island effect by identifying elements that affect local temperatures. The three elements of natural environment, land use, and land coverage were first selected, and then control factors were applied, including season, weather, and measurement units for wind speed. In order to analyze these factors' relations to summer temperatures, an integrated model was developed, and an analysis was conducted of the urban heat island reduction effect of elements impacting local temperatures. The analysis used nationwide weather system (AWS) data from July and August 2007 and 2011-2016, land coverage data provided by the Ministry of Environment, and land use area data from local governments after rearranging them based upon their falling within a 500-meter radius ($0.79km^2$) of AWS measuring points. The study results show that the natural environment, land use, and land coverage all have a relation to changes in local temperatures. Natural elements have the greatest impact, and land use has the lowest. The results could provide basic data for establishing more effective policies to mitigate the heat island effect and strategies for enhancing the sustainability of cities.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.147-155
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to compare the risk factors of pressure sores and preventive intervention strategies and to provide basic data for the management of pressure sores prevention for long-term care facilities. It was a mixed method study using a systematic literature review and focus group interviews for analysis. A PRISMA flow diagram was prepared in accordance with the research selection process for the systemic literature review. The studies were retrieved from domestic and international studies from 2010 to June, 2019. A total of 8 studies were selected according to the selection criteria. The studies were searched electronically using a search engine with the key words of 'pressure ulcers', 'bedsore', 'decubitus ulcers', 'intervention', 'prevention', 'elderly', and 'long term'. Focus group interviews were conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire for nurses who had worked for more than three years in long-care facilities. The study results suggest that position change and pressure reduction device reduced the incidence of pressure sores and were important for prevention. The use of standardized care protocols is necessary. Multidisciplinary cooperation was an important issue.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

North Korea is currently undergoing an economic crisis of industrial productivity reduction, which resulted from decreased energy production and economic sanctions due to conflicts with the international society. This paper examined the technological status of North Korea's natural gas and coal industries which are essential sectors for recovery of the economy and North-South cooperation on energy industry. This paper also analyzed investment strategies in North Korean energy industries and calculated the size of economic ripple effect of the investment on North and South Korea. In order to analyze the effect of the investment on North Korean economy, we constructed an inter-industry relation table of North Korea for year 2014 and used an input-output model. The ripple effect of the investment in natural gas and coal industries turned out to be 1.012 billion dollars and 2.742 billion dollars respectively. In order to analyze the ripple effect of the investment on South Korean economy, we constructed an inter-industry relation table of South Korea for year 2013 and used a demand-driven model for inter-industry analysis. As a result, production, added-value and employment inducement coefficients of the investment were calculated as 2.02073, 0.62697 and 8.99409 for the natural gas industry and 2.02130, 0.62701 and 9.00413 for the coal industry respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.357-367
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• 2015

This study aims to propose integrated management strategies based on the relationship between co-benefits and total benefits of greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions for establishing a transport and environmental policy. The results show that the integrated management of the following policies: 'Car Free Day' and 'Early Scrapping of Decrepit Diesel Vehicle', which are used for reducing reduce gasoline and diesel, can together reduce both PM and $CO_2$ emissions and increase total benefits. In addition, the integrated management of 'Car Free Day' with environment policies and 'Congestion Charge' with environment policies simultaneously controls the three factors which influence emissions, including travel volume, travel speed and emissions factor, and was found to be effective in terms of co-benefits. This study reduces both air pollutants, which are harmful to health, and greenhouse gas emissions, which influence climate change, and improves the efficiency of policy through the integrated management of policies.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.29-47
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• 2007

Owing to the rapid growth of using the Internet, not only click-and-mortar companies but also brick-and-mortar ones have been expanding their distribution channels into online, Moreover, since online channels are more attractive than offline ones in control and maintenance, switching customers into online ones is emerged as one of very important managerial issues in a view of reduction of cost as well as expansion of services. However, the switched customers should be faced by uncertainties which could not have been experienced in offline. Specifically, in online channels, buyers and sellers are separated temporally and spacially and there are always so many kinds of threat for security as well as not enough systems and conventions for them yet. Therefore, trust has been considered as one of the most critical mechanisms for resolution of such uncertainties in online transactions. However, it is not easy to build and maintain the relationships in online since most of them are virtual and indirect generally. Therefore, in order to switch offline customers into online ones, it is very important to make strategies based on identification of the relationship between online transaction and offline trust which has been built in offline business. Generally offline trust, which has been built independent of online, could not include trust for online-dependent activities such as payment security during or after transactions, while most of online trust include it. Therefore, a customer with high offline trust does not always perceive high security and assure safe transactions. Accordingly, while online trust, where technical capabilities for online security is one of main bases, includes control trust implicitly or explicitly, offline trust does not. However. in spite of such clear discrimination and independence between offline trust and perceived security, there can be the significant dependency between these two beliefs. The customers with high offline trust believe that the company would do some activities for online security for customers' safe transactions since it has been believed of doing well for customers' trust. Theoretically, users' perception of security is interpreted as a kind of control trus, which is trust for company's technical control capacities in order to resolve technical uncertainties in online. Therefore, the relationship between two beliefs can be considered as transference from offline trust to another type trust. that is, control trust. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of offline trust on online transaction uses mediated by perceived security. For this purpose, we suggest a research model based on technology acceptance model (TAM). Reuse intention is adopted as a dependent variable and TAM is modified by adding perceived risk (PR) as well as two beliefs of using Internet banking, perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). Moreover, perceive security (PS) is adopted as an external variable for PR and PU, while offline trust (OT) is an antecedent of PS. For an empirical test, sampling from 108 visitors to the banks in Daegu, Korea, we analyze our model by partial least square (PLS) approach. In result, our model is shown to explain 51.4% of the variance in reuse intention and all hypothesis are supported statistically. A theoretical implication of this study is to identify a role of PS between offline trust and reuse intention of using online transaction services. According to our result, PS can be considered as a mediation variable for bridging between two different concepts: trust that explains social aspects of customers and companies, and TAM that explains customers' reuse intention.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-64
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• 2011

Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the key players in greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction portfolio for mitigating climate change. CCS makes simultaneously it possible not only to reduce a huge amount of carbon dioxide directly from the emission sources (e.g., coal power plant) but also to maintain the carbon concentrated-energy and/or industry infrastructure. Internationally, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is dealing the agenda for considering the possibility of including CCS project as one of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. Despite its usefulness, however, there are the controversies in including CCS as the CDM project, whose issues include i) non-permanence, including long-term permanence, ii) measuring, reporting and verification (MRV), iii) environmental impacts, iv) project activity boundaries, v) international law, vi) liability, vii) the potential for perverse outcomes, viii) safety, and ix) insurance coverage and compensation for damages caused due to seepage or leakage. In this paper, those issues in considering CCS as CDM are summarized and analyzed in order to suggest some considerations to policy makers in realizing the CCS project in Korea in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.259-268
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• 2005

There has been a growing interest in the elimination of anoxic layer in the Youngsan River Estuarybecause the anoxic water mass caused mainly by the inflow of fresh water from the sea wall might cause the mass reduction of benthos during summer. An ocean outfall system to discharge treated wastewater into sea water may be used as one of the effective and economical ways to eliminate the anoxic layer. The suitable ocean outfall design is generally proposed for the prediction of the buoyant jet behavior in the near field. The parameters including CTD and current data are taken into account f3r more reliable buoyant jet behavior calculation. One of the numerical models, CORMIX 1, approved by EPA is used herein for the prediction of the trajectorial variation of the cross-sectional salinity and DO concentration distribution on the calculated buoyant jet boundary according to the tidal periods. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that the single port outfall is a useful system to eliminate the anoxic layer. Proper strategies are also proposed for achieving desirable ambient conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.1 s.118
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• pp.41-62
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• 2007

This paper aims to interpret the changes of the regional inequality between Seoul Metropolitan Area(SMA) and Non-SMA after 1981 on the regulationist approaches that examine institution changes and power dynamics that motivate regional disparities in South Korea. Despite the restrict laws and aims that alms to reduce the concentration into SMA before 1988, the acts were not executed effectively due to the structural selectivity of the bureaucratic authoritarian state of those years. Thus, the regional concentration phenomena of SMA was intensified in the 1980s. However, the democratization in 1987 invoked Non-SMA regions to claim their regional development and it also forced the state to mediate the conflicting interests between the regional agents protesting the SMA concentration and the Capital agents supporting the SMA deregulation. From the early 1990s. the state launched a series of national strategies and policies to diminish regional inequality. They included execution of the existing acts mitigating SMA concentration and construction of industrial complexes in the underdeveloped areas of Non-SMA. Thus, the equalizing polities led the reduction of the concentration of SMA from 1989 to 1997. However, the financial crisis of Korea in 1997 intensified the claims of the Capital agents to deregulate the SMA control. The circumstance also forced the state towards the Capital side that request the deregulation of SMA control. As the result, the regional disparity between SMA and Non-SMA has been enlarged again since 1998.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1996

Narcolepsy is characterized by sleep attack with excessive daytime sleepiness(EDS), cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucination. Paradoxically, narcoleptics tend to complain of frequent arousals and shallow sleep during the night time despite their excessive sleepiness. However, nocturnal sleep fragmentation in narcoleptics is relatively ignored in treatment strategies, compared with sleep attack/EDS and cataplexy. In our paper, we attempted to investigate further on the poor nocturnal sleep in narcoleptics and to discuss possible treatment interventions. Out of consecutively seen patients at Seoul National University Sleep Disorders Clinic and Division of Sleep Studies, we recruited 57 patients, clinically assessed as having sleep attack and/or EDS. Nocturnal polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test(MSLT) were done in each of the subjects. We selected 19 subjects finally diagnosed as narcolepsy(mean age $26.0{\pm}18.3$ years, 16 men and 3 women) for this study, depending on the nocturnal polysomnographic and MSLT findings as well as clinical history and symptomatology. Any subject co-morbid with other hypersomnic sleep disorders such as sleep apnea or periodic limb movements during sleep was excluded. Sleep staging was done using Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria. Sleep parameters were calculated using PSDENT program(Stanford Sleep Clinic, version 1.2) and were compared with the age-matched normal values provided in the program. In narcoleptics, compared with the normal controls, total wake time was found to be significantly increased with significantly decreased sleep efficiency(p<.01, p<.05, respectively), despite no difference of sleep period time and total sleep time between the two groups. Stage 2 sleep%(p<.05), slow wave sleep%(p<.05), and REM sleep%(p<.01) were found to be significantly decreased in narcoleptics compared with normal controls, accompanied by the significant increase of stage 1 sleep%(p<.01). Age showed negative correlation with slow wave sleep%(p<.05). The findings in the present study indicate significant fragmentation of nocturnal sleep in narcoleptics. Reduction of REM sleep% and the total number of REM sleep periods suggests the disturbance of nocturnal REM sleep distribution in narcoleptics. No significant correlations between nocturnal polysomnographic and MSLT variables in narcoleptics suggest that nocturnal sleep disturbance in narcoleptics may be dealt with, in itself, in diagnosing and managing narcolepsy. With the objective demonstration of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of nocturnal and daytime sleep in narcoleptics, we suggest that more attention be paid to the nocturnal sleep fragmentation in narcoleptics and that appropriate treatment interventions such as active drug therapy and/or circadian rhythm-oriented sleep hygiene education be applied as needed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1047-1054
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• 2009

Oral squamous carcinoma (OSC) cells present resistance to chemotherapeutic agents-mediated apoptosis in the late stages of malignancy. Advances in the understanding of bacterial toxins have produced new strategies for the treatment of cancers. It was demonstrated here that Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PEA) significantly decreased the viability of chemoresistant YD-9 cells in the apoptosis mechanism. Apoptotic manifestations were evident through changes in nuclear morphology and generation of DNA fragmentation. PEA treatment induced caspase-3, -6 and -9 cleavage, and activation. These events preceded proteolysis of the caspase substrates poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), DNA fragmentation factor 45 (DFF45), and lamin A in YD-9 cells. The reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c and SmacjDlABLO from mitochondria to cytosol, andtranslocation of AlF into nucleus were shown. While p53, p21 and $14-3-3{\gamma}$ were upregulated, cyclin Band cdc2 were downregulated by PEA treatment. Taken together, PEA induces apoptosis in chemoresistant YD-9 cells via activation of caspases, mitochondrial events and regulation of cell cycle genes.