• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.327-332
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• 2009

Purpose: Several methods of the nipple reduction have been reported. However, the methods described previously are difficult or have some demerits. This study proposes a simple technique for reduction of the nipple height as well as diameter. Methods: The purposed nipple height is marked. A pentahedral design of excision was marked around the nipple. Local anesthetic solution was infiltrated and a 4 - 0 Nylon traction suture was applied at the nipple apex. Excision of the nipple inside both two triangles and a rectangle was made. Remaining two flaps were approximated using 5 - 0 Nylon simple interrupted sutures. However, a part of wound closure was not done in the central area of the nipple. Results: 83 patients(166 nipples) underwent this procedure from December 1999 to December 2008. Follow up ranged from 6 months to 2 years with a mean of 10 months. 78 patients were female and 5 patients were male. No major complication occurred and remaining scars were very inconspicuous. Conclusion: This simple technique has the advantage of nipple reduction in both height and diameter, and provides good aesthetic outcomes.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.239-243
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• 2018

Up to now, microstructure changes of photocatalysts have been studied to improve photocatalytic activity. Especially, to improve the adsorption of reactants and reactive sites, porous and fine crystal structures have received much attention because of their large specific surface area. In this study, $TiO_2$ nanotubes were synthesized by hydrothermal method using $TiO_2$ nanoparticles; nanotubes were evaluated by oxidized methylene blue reduction test. Using synthesized $TiO_2$ nanotubes, results of TEM showed that the $TiO_2$ nanoparticles were changed into folding sheets and nanotubes. XRD results showed that the peaks of the nanoparticles almost disappeared and only the rutile (110) and anatase (200) peaks were observed. Comparison of photocatalytic properties of nanoparticles and nanotube structures was performed by measuring the UV-vis absorbance with reducing oxidized methylene blue. As a result, the reduction rate of nanotubes was found to be $0.24{\mu}mol/s$, which was 2.6 times higher than the rate of reduction of nanoparticles.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.886-895
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• 2009

The guideline of selection of Integrated Management Practices (IMPs), such as wood, green roof, lawn, and porous pavement, for Low Impact Development (LID) design was proposed by ranking the reduction rate of surface runoff using LIDMOD1.0. Based on the guideline, LID was designed with several scenarios at two apartment complexes located at Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea, and the effect of LID on surface runoff was evaluated during last 10 years. The effect of runoff reduction of IMP by land use change was highly dependent on the kind of hydrologic soil group. The wood planting is the best IMPs for reduction of surfac runoff for all hydrologic soil groups. Lawn planting is an excellent IMP for hydrologic soil group A, but reduction rate is low where soil doesn't effectively drains precipitation. The green roof shows constant reduction rate of surface runoff because it is not influenced by hydrologic soil group. Compared to the rate of other IMPs, the green roof is less effect the surface runoff reduction for hydrologic soil group A and is more effect for hydrologic soil group C and D followed to planing wood. The porous pavement for the impervious area is IMPs which is last selected for LID design because of the lowest reduction rate for all hydrologic soil group. As a result of LID application at study areas, we could conclude that the first step of the strategy of LID design at apartment complex is precuring pervious land as many area as possible, second step is selecting the kind of plant as more interception and evapotranspiration as possible, last step is replacing impervious land with porous pavement.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2005

The bioelectrochemical reduction of nitrate in the presence of various mediators including methyl viologen and azure A was studied using a 3-electrode voltammetric system. The catalytic potential for the reduction of the mediators was observed in the reactor, which for methyl viologen and azure A were -0.74 V and -0.32 V, respectively, with respect to the potential of Ag/AgCl reference electrode. This potential was then applied to a working electrode to reduce each mediator for enzymatic nitrate reduction. Nitrite, the product of the reaction, was measured to observe the enzymatic nitrate reduction in the reaction media. Methyl viologen was observed as the most efficient mediator among those tested, while azure A showed the highest electron efficiency at the intrinsic reduction potential when the mediated enzyme reactions were carried out with the freely solubilized mediator. The electron transfer of azure A with respect to time was due to the adhesion of azure A to the hydrophilic surface during the reduction. In addition, the use of the adsorbed mediator on conductive activated carbon was proposed to inhibit the change in the electron transfer rate during the reaction by maintaining a constant mediator concentration and active surface area of the electrode. Azure A showed better than nitrite formation than methyl viologen when used with activated carbon.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2007

Diesel PM can be controlled using Diesel Particulate Filter, which can effectively reduce the level of soot emissions to ambient background levels. In the Heavy Duty Diesel area, the Continuously Regeneration trap has been widely applied in the retrofit market. As the Special act for the improvement of air quality in the capital area, the retrofit program for DPF to used diesel vehicle has progressed favorably and there are currently over 1,000 of these DPF in use in retrofit applications in korea. These DPF comprise a specially formulated Diesel Oxidation Catalyst upstream of a DPF. The $NO_2$ generated by the DOC is used to combust the carbon collected in the DPF at low temperature. To certificate DPF device that is suitable to domestic circumstances, it is necessary to evaluate exactly the DPF devices according to the regulation of DPF certificate test procedure for retrofit(ministry of environment(MOE) announcement NO. 2005-16). To do so the understand of that regulation like the standard of PM reduction rate is needed. In this study the test procedure including test cycle and BPT test condition was examined and also the test result for specific DPF was analyzed. In every test like field test, PM reduction efficiency test and seoul-10 mode test, no defect could be showed.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1585-1598
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• 2011

Emission reduction program for in-use diesel vehicles (ERPDV) has been enacted since 2004 over the Seoul metropolitan area, and diesel emission reduction is forced to fulfill this regulation. This study was performed to evaluate the ERPDV using $PM_{10}$ concentrations of both road-side monitoring and national background network during the period of 2004-2010. In order to assess the pure road emission, we first eliminated the long range transport effect by deducting the trend of annual national background concentrations from the road-side $PM_{10}$ concentrations, and then analyzed the time series of the resultant $PM_{10}$ concentrations over Seoul metropolitan area. The annual rates of variations of road-side $PM_{10}$ with the deduction of trend of background level show -3.2, +0.4, and -2.4 ${\mu}g/m^3$/year, in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyonggi province, respectively. There are steadily decreasing trend in Seoul with all of statistic parameters such as mean, mediam, 5%ile, 10%ile, 25%ile, 75%ile, 90%ile, and 95%ile concentrations. Incheon shows some fluctuations with positive with no significant trend, and Gyonggi province shows overall decreasing but not consistent. Student-t test shows 95% significant level of ERPDV effect in Seoul, but there exists no significant level greater than 90% in both Incheon, and Kyonggi province. Total annual averaged trend over the whole Seoul metropolitan area is estimated to lie in approximately $-2.9{\mu}g/m^3$/year in this study, implying the intimate involvement of ERPDV to a large extent. This is also suggesting that the further research cost-effectiveness of ERPDV with consideration of the long range transport process would be needed over the Seoul metropolitan area.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.12-27
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• 2007

This fundamental studies on for the productivity improvement and laborsaving of purse seine fishery. Given the difficulty posed from the distortion of net shape caused by the external forces, such as tide, at the time of shooting and pursing, we set the 4 steps of 0, 2, 4 and 6cm/sec in flow velocity in the flume tank for the experiment in order to examine those characteristics. We used two model seines designed on the scale of 1 to 180 based on the power block seine, which is the mackerel purse seine generally used in the near sea of Jeju Island and triplex seine, which is the mackerel purse seine of one boat system fishing expected in the future, for the experiment, and interpreted the characteristics of several motion in water, such as the shape of seine, the change in tension and area during pursing and its the analysis results are as follows. Though the experiment could be conducted up to 6cm/sec of flow velocity that was defined, the experiment could not go on because of the severe distortion in the seine at the flow velocity in excess of 6cm/sec. As for the depth of leadline and reduction rate of side area of seine when the pursing is connected, P seine turned out to be slightly higher than T seine, and the hauling speed and reduction rate of upper area of seine were found similar to each other. The correlation between the hauling time (Ht) and depth of lead line (Dhp, Dht) of P seine and T seine can be expressed by the equation, that is, Dhp=(0.99Pt-7.63)Pt+69.01, Dht=(1.03Pt-7.73)Pt+66.74. The correlation between the hauling time and hauling velocity (Hpp, Hpt) can be expressed by the equation, that is, $Hpp=-0.06Ht^2+0.88Ht+0.78,\;Hpt=-0.05Ht^2+0.81Ht+0.98$ here, Pt is pursing time. And the correlation between the pursing time and the reduction rate of side area (sArp, sArt) can be expressed by the equation, that is, $sArp=-0.48Pt^2+14.79Pt-16.74,\;sArt=-0.45Pt^2+14.56Pt-16.48$. The reduction rate of upper area of seine (tArp, tArt) can be expressed by the equation, that is, $tArp=0.34Pt^2-0.66Pt-0.74,\;tArt=0.34Pt^2-0.27Pt-1.80$. In addition, the correlation between the pursing time and tension of purse line (Tep, Tet) can be expressed by the equation, that is, $Tep=2.79Pt^2+2.26Pt-0.60,\;Tet=2.14Pt^2+8.08Pt-27.50$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.634-664
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 6개월간 폐경 여성을 대상으로 영양교육과 파워 워킹 프로그램을 실시한 영양교육군, 영양 교육 없이 파워 워킹 프로그램만 실시한 대조군으로 나눠 체중조절 프로그램을 실시 하였다. 그 결과, 두 군 모두 체중과 체질량 지수, 체지방량과 내장지방이 유의적으로 감소하였으나, 영양교육을 실시한 영양교육군에서 체중 감소율이 더 크게 나타났으며, 특히 폐경 여성들에게 문제 시 되고 있는 내장지방의 변화율이 더 유의적으로 감소하는 긍정적인 결과를 보였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 영양교육군 내에서 내장지방변화율에 따라 내장지방 감소율이 큰 군 (HVL group)과 내장지방 감소율이 적은 그룹 (LVL group)으로 나누어 체중조절 프로그램의 효과와 관련된 요인을 분석하였다. 그 결과 내장지방 감소율이 컸던 군에서 체중, BMI, 체지방, 복부지방, 내장지방 등의 체성분들의 변화율이 더 크게 나타났다. 혈압 및 혈액 성분에서는 수축기, 이완기 혈압과 총콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 동맥 경화 지수의 개선 정도가 더 큰 결과를 보였다. 또한 내장지방 감소율이 컸던 군이 내장지방 감소율이 적은 군에 비해 단백질, 칼슘, 비타민C의 INQ와 칼슘, 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_2$, 비타민 C의 MAR도 유의적으로 증가하여 식사의 질이 더 개선되었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 단백질의 영양밀도 변화율은 체지방 분포의 변화율과 음의 상관관계를 나타낸 반면, 탄수화물 영양밀도의 변화율은 양의 상관관계를 나타내었고, 비타민 A 영양밀도 변화율은 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, 동맥경화 지수 변화율과 음의 상관관계를 보여, 영양교육에 따른 신체계측치 및 체성분의 변화가 영양소 섭취 변화와 관련이 있음을 보여주었다. 이는 영양 교육 및 중재에 있어 실천의 중요성을 강조하는 것으로 이를 위해서는 폐경 여성들의 대사적 특성과 더불어 생활 습관을 이해하고 만성 질병을 예방하고 올바른 식습관을 통해 건강한 삶을 유지할 수 있도록 식사의 균형성, 다양성을 포함한 권장 식사 지침을 제시하고, 적당한 식품 섭취량을 포함한 종합적인 프로그램을 개발하여야 할 것이다. 또한 이러한 페경 여성을 위한 전문적이며 체계적인 프로그램을 통해 폐경 이후 체중 및 체지방 증가를 예방하고, 나아가 만성질병을 예방, 관리할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1983

2년간에 걸쳐 조사한 대두의 수량감소는 갈색무늬병을 접종한 경우 농약 살포구에 비해 $15.7-16.4\%$ 감소 차였으며 자연감염의 경우에는 $8.2-9.2\%$의 감소를 나타냈다. 갈색무늬병의 감염은 초장, 주당절수(株當節數), 주당분지수(分枝數)에는 큰 영향이 없었으나 주당협수(狹數)와 종실중(種實重)에는 현저한 감소 현상을 보였다. 대두의 수량감소율을 갈색무늬병의 이병율과 정(正)의 상관을 보였으며 그 상관도는 Van der Plank's infection rate (0.156) 보다는 병 진전국선면적(AUBC) 과의 상관도가 높았다$(r=0.388^*)$. 병진전곡선 면적으로 표시된 갈색무늬병의 감염율과 대두수량 감소율과의 관계는 y=4.38+0.5X $(r=0.686^{**},\;df=25)$으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2005

Conventional non-destructive techniques for inspection of the weld in pipelines require significant test time and high cost. Ultrasonic guided waves have been widely studied and successfully applied to various non-destructive tests with advantage of the long-range inspection. In this paper, a study on the application of ultrasonic guided waves to the long-range inspection of the pipeline is presented using a long-range guided wave inspection system, Wavemaker SE16, GUL. The characteristics and setup of the long-range guided wave inspection system and experimental results in pipes of with various diameter are introduced. The experimental results in mock-up pipes with cluster type detects show that the minimum detectable wall thickness reduction with this guided wave system is $2\~3\%$ in the pipe cross section area. And the wall thickness reduction of $5\%$ in cross section area can be detected when actual detection level is used. Therefore, the applicability of the guided wave systeme to long-range inspection of wall thickness reduction in pipes is verified.