• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.3-15
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• 2001

목포항의 수질과 영양상태의 계절 변화를 구명하고 평가하기 위하여 1996년 8원부터 1999년 8월까지 3년간 현장 관측과 수질 분석을 실시하였다. 첫째, 투명도, 용존무기질소, 인산인 및 클로로필 a와 같은 수질 항목에 대하여 OECD 영양분류기준을 적용한 결과, 목포항 해수의 영양수준은 4계절 내내 중영양 내지 부영양 상태로 평가되었고, 특히 하계에는 부영양 상태로 나타났다. 둘째, 비록 목포항 수질은 화학적 산소요구량에 의하면 해역수질 환경기준의 2급수 내지 3급수로 평가되지만, 부영양화에 의한 오염지수를 산정한 결과에 의하면, 목포항은 수질이 악화되어 4계절 내내 3급수에도 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 부영양도를 산정한 결과, 특히 하계 또는 추계에 목포항에서 적조 발생 잠재력이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 해수중에 존재하는 인에 대한 질소의 평균원자비(N/P)를 살펴보면, 목포항에서 식물플랑크톤의 성장에 대한 제한 영양 인자는 질소라기보다는 인으로 나타났다

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.95-100
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• 2006

Measurements of ocean color from space since 1970s provided vital information with reference to physical and biogeochemical properties of the oceanic waters. The utility of these data has been explored in order to map and monitor highly toxic/or harmful algal blooms (HABs) that affected most of coastal waters throughout the world due to accelerated eutrophication from human activities and certain oceanic processes. However, the global atmospheric correction and bio-optical algorithms developed for oceanic waters were found to yield false information about the HABs in coastal waters. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential use of red tide index (RI) method, which has been developed by Ahn and Shanmugam (2005), for mapping of HABs in Korean and neighboring waters. Here we employed the SSMM to remove the atmospheric effect in the SeaWiFS image data and the achieved indices by RI method were found more appropriate in correctly identifying potential areas of the encountered HABs in Korean South Sea (KSS) and Chinese coastal waters during 1999-2004. But the existence of high absorbing and scattering materials greatly interfered with the standard OC4 algorithm which falsely identified red tides in these waters. In comparison with other methods, the RI approach for the early detection of HABs can provide state managers with accurate identification of the extent and location of these blooms as a management tool.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.515-521
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• 2003

To understand interrelations between water quality and community structure of phytoplankton around the season of red tide outbreak, field surveys were conducted 10 times off the coast of Tongyeong from July to September in 2002. Because of heavy rain for 10 days, environmental conditions were changed and differed from the previous year, sustaining high nutrients and low salinity. During the surveyed period 48 species of 29 genera of phytoplankton were identified, and diatom and dinoflagellate was $51.8\%\;and\;38.0\%,$ respectively, At the time of bloom, cell counts of C. polykrikoides were outstanding but the number of species remarkably decreased. There were striking differences in dominant species among research stations before the bloom. Diatoms were the most dominant group in the whole study area in that period. Diversity and evenness index were highest just before outbreak of the red tides (2 Aug, 2002). During the bloom (4 Aug.), it decreased to the lowest value and then began to increase slowly. The result of PCA on water quality vs phytoplankton biomass showed that the land loads of nutrient may be the main cause of summer rally of phytoplankton biomass.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2002

This study was conducted to find the structure of phytoplankton community in the Hoeya river(Ulsan) from March 2000 to February 2001. The taxa of phytoplankton identified included 135 species, 5 divisions, 33 families and 82 genera. Among them, chrysophyta(diatoms) were 63 species(46.7%), chlorophyta(green algae) 47 species(34.8%), pyrrophyta(dinoflagellates) 13 species(9.6%), cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) 8 species(5.9%) and euglenophyta(euglenoids) 4 species(3.0%) respectively. Ecological important species is called frequently appearing species, red tide causative species, seawater species and pollution indicator. 22 species including Aulacoseira granulate were recorded frequently appearing species. 19 species including Ceratium furca were recorded as red tide causing species. And the pollution indicators were 33 species including Actinastrum hantzschii var. fluviatile. The highest standing crops were 3,103,441 cells/$\ell$ in August at the RW-1 and the lowest 1,245 cells/ $\ell$ in January at the RW-5. In the community analysis, the dominanance indices ranged from 0.34(October, RW-2) to 0.94(January, RW-1) and the diversity indices from 0.50(May, RW-2) to 2.57(September, RW-2). The saprobic indices were 2.43 in RW-1, 2.41 in RW-2, 2.375 in RW-3, 2.40 in RW-4, 2.43, in RW-5. Therefore, these areas were investigated "$\beta$-mesosaprobic". According to the similarity index among the stations, these areas were defined as residential district areas(RW-2 and RW-3), lower part of the dam (RW-1) and seawater areas(RW-4 and RW-5).

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제3권S1호
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• pp.77-90
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• 1997

the observations in situ and the seawater analyses were conducted in July and August, 1996 for the purpose of evaluating the characteristics of seawater quality centered on eutrophication in Mokpo harbour. By applying the OECD standards of trophic classification to the parameters such as secchi depth, total inorganic nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus and chlorophyll-a, the trophic level of seawater in Mokpo harbour was evaluated to be in eutrophic state in summer. By the estimation of pollution index with relation to eutrophication, the seawater quality of Mokpo harbour was evaluated to be under the regular grades and this evaluation was found to be different from the results of evaluation obtained by the environmental index of single parameter, chemical oxygen demand. By the estimation of eutrophication index, the seawaters of Mokpo harbour were shown to have the high potentiality of red tide occurrence.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.580-585
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• 2009

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides that causative fishery mortality, impact on aquaculture and economic loss appear particularly in summer and fall seasons in the Korean seas. It was studied on characteristics of HABs in the South Sea of Korea by using satellite and in-situ data. The in-situ data encompassed oceanic and meteorological data from July to October 2002-2008 and satellite data from July to October 2002-2006. Chlorophyll concentrations were calculated using Seaviewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor images by an Ocean Color (OC4) algorithm, and HABs were estimated using the Red tide index Chlorophyll Algorithm (RCA). The HAB occurrences were dominant when water temperature was $22.6-28^{\circ}C$ in August. The frequency of the individual numbers during 2002-2008, the HABs more than 1000 cells/ml (alert condition), were 73.57 %. In meteorological data from July to September during 2002-2008, the average precipitation, the mean air temperature, the mean wind speed and direction, and the sunshine were 9.31 mm/day, $24.07^{\circ}C$, 2.34 m/s and easterly, and 1-11 h, respectively. Our results suggest that the upwelling is caused by southwesterly wind in summer season and the Tsushima Warm Current which have influenced on the dispersion and moving of HAB (chlorophyll). In addition, the fresh water from Nakdong River, as the source of nutrients, also influences the occurrence of HABs.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.51-61
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• 1997

The in situ observations and the seawater analyses were conducted in July and Auguse, 1996 for the purpose of evaluating the characteristics of seawater quality centered about eutrophication in Mokpo harbour. By applying the OECD standards of trophic classification to the parameters such as secchi depth, total inorganic nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus and chlorophyll-a, the trophic level of seawater in Mokpo harbour was evaluated to be in eutrophic state in summer. The estimation of pollution index by eutrophication showed the seawater quality of Mokpo harbour to deteriorate and fall under the regular grades. The results of eutrophic index estimation showed the high otentiality of red tide occurrence in Mokpo harbour.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.215-225
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• 2002

In order to evaluate the relationship between geochemical characteristics and benthic facies of the sediments from the Oenaro Island where red tide proliferation is first observed every year including this year, surface and short multiple core sediment samples were analyzed in terms of geochemical and benthic facies variation. The contents of organic carbon, carbonate, and sulfide gas were relatively low. The variation in C/N ratios, which indicate nature of organic carbon, suggested that the organic carbon recorded in the study area is composed of mixtures of marine and terrigenous organic matters. The concentration of minor elements found at the surface and multiple core sediment samples were also low as well as the enrichment factors(Ef) for the seven heavy metals indicated that the sediment of this area is not polluted significantly. The macrobenthic faunal community comprised 61 species, and their mean density was 708 ind./m2. Polychaete worms were major taxa of this benthic community. A crustacean amphipod, Melita sp. was the most abundant species accounted for 20.7% of total abundance, and the small polychaetes such as Heteromastus filiformis, Paralacydonia poradoxa, Magelona japonica and Sigambra tentaculata were the next dominant species. The macrobenthos around the Oenaro Island were more diverse and abundant than that in Gamak Bay. The benthic communities in the study area sustained somewhat different species composition based on the cluster analysis and the MDS ordination. The benthic community health condition at three stations seemed to be unbalanced, and slightly polluted based on the biological index such as BPI and BC. There was no clear relationship between the geochemistry characteristic and the benthic faunal facies attributed by the micro-algal blooms in this coastal area.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume I
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• pp.441-444
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• 2006

The MERIS MCI (Maximum Chlorophyll Index), measuring the radiance peak at 709 nm in water-leaving radiance, indicates the presence of a high surface concentration of chlorophyll ${\underline{a}}$ against a scattering background. The index is high in 'red tide' conditions (intense, visible, surface, plankton blooms), and is also raised when aquatic vegetation is present. A bloom search based on MCI has resulted in detection of a variety of events in Canadian, Antarctic and other waters round the world, as well as detection of extensive areas of pelagic vegetation (Sargassum spp.), previously unreported in the scientific literature. Since June 1 2006, global MCI composite images, at a spatial resolution of 5 km, are being produced daily from all MERIS (daylight) passes of Reduced Resolution (RR) data. The global composites significantly increase the area now being searched for events, though the reduced spatial resolution may cause smaller events to be missed. This paper describes the composites and gives examples of plankton bloom events that they have detected. It also shows how the composites show the effect of the South Atlantic Anomaly, where cosmic rays affect the MERIS instrument.

• 환경생물
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.243-274
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• 2013

한국 연안 해역의 와편모조류 시스트의 연구 현황과 특성을 파악하기 위해 한국 연안과 내만은 물론 제주도 남부와 황해 일부해역을 포함한 동중국해를 대상으로 수행한 45편의 학술연구논문을 분석하였다. 결과 한국의 와편모조류 시스트는 1980년대 후반부터 연구가 시작되었고, 대상 해역은 적조발생 등 부영양화 해역이나 연안개발이 이루어지는 해역에 집중되었으며, 동해를 대상으로 한 연구결과는 없었다. 연구 내용도 단순한 출현 종 분석에서 부영양화 진행 등 해양환경의 변화과정 추적, 적조 발생에서 종자군으로서 역할, 세디맨트 트랩을 이용한 시스트의 형성과 변화양상 추적, 수소이온 농도 등 해양환경 변화에 따른 형태변화, 실험실에서 특정 종의 발아 특성 등 국제적 수준의 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있었다. 출현종이나 출현 세포밀도 역시 해역에 따라 매우 다양한 특성을 보인다. 그러나 한국의 와편모조류 시스트 연구는 아직 체계적 연구가 이루어지지 못하고 있고, 단편적이면서 개별적 내용으로 매우 제한적인 연구성격을 나타내었다. 특정 해역에 편중된 연구결과와 특정 연구 연구 집단에 의해 산발적인 연구가 수행되는 경향을 나타내었다. 해양에서 표층퇴적물의 와편모조류 시스트는 표영 환경의 누적지표를 나타내는 것으로 해양환경 변화를 효율적으로 추적하는 데 유용한 지표가 되고 있음을 고려할 때, 국내에서도 조직적인 인력양성과 함께 해양생태계의 구성인자로서 필수 해양생물 분야로 취급하는 연계적인 연구 추진이 절실하게 요구된다.