• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2015년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.578-579
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• 2015

Transmission and reflectance are two non-invasive techniques to perform pulse oximetry. This paper presents a design of reflectance-based pulse oximetry for watch-type wearable device, in which sensor and detector are located on the same surface of the body part. The basic principle of a pulse oximeter is based on the measurement of the red and infrared (IR) light absorption. Oxygenated blood has significant differences of light absorption characteristics than deoxygenated blood under red (660 nm) and infrared (940 nm) wavelength. Infrared is absorbed more by oxygenated hemoglobin than red. So the hardware implementation is included placing of the two LEDs (red and IR) with single photo-detector in the middle on the patient's wrist to get the corresponding pulsatile signals which are used to estimate the $SpO_2$.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 2016

적혈구 동종면역은 수혈자와 공여자간의 적혈구 항원의 차이이다. 수혈을 위해서는 혈구형과 혈청형이 일치하지 않으면 적혈구 항체 선별 검사가 필요하며 불일치의 원인을 해명하는 것이 필수적이다. 적혈구 항체 선별검사는 임상적으로 유의한 항체를 검출하고, 신속 정확하며, 신뢰할 수 있는 방법으로 수혈에 앞서 우선적으로 하는 것을 권장한다. 본 연구자들은 다빈도로 검출된 E, D, M, E+c, C+e 항체에 대한 선별검사를 보고하였다. 따라서 이러한 결과로 항-D, 항-E의 항체가 신생아 용혈성 질환, 지연형 용혈성 수혈부작용 반응의 위험요인으로 인식하고자 한다. 또한 혈액안전관리를 적용하기 위해 적합한 항체선별검사가 요구되고, 수혈 위험요인의 선별에 있어 더 나은 효율성을 제공할 것이며 향후에 각 국가에 따라 실질적인 검출빈도를 찾는 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2005

Background: Reduced deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) may play an important role on the pathogenesis of chronic vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. However, available techniques for measuring RBC deformability often require washing process after each measurement, which is not optimal for day­to-day clinical use at point of care. The objectives of the present study are to develop a device and to delineate the correlation of impaired RBC deformability with diabetic nephropathy. Methods: We developed a disposable ektacytometry to measure RBC deformability, which adopted a laser diffraction technique and slit rheometry. The essential features of this design are its simplicity (ease of operation and no moving parts) and a disposable element which is in contact with the blood sample. We studied adult diabetic patients divided into three groups according to diabetic complications. Group I comprised 57 diabetic patients with normal renal function. Group II comprised 26 diabetic patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Group III consisted of 30 diabetic subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemo-dialysis. According to the renal function for the diabetic groups, matched non-diabetic groups were served as control. Results: We found substantially impaired red blood cell deformability in those with normal renal function (group I) compared to non-diabetic control (P = 0.0005). As renal function decreases, an increased impairment in RBC deformability was found. Diabetic patients with chronic renal failure (group II) when compared to non-diabetic controls (CRF) had an apparently greater impairment in RBC deformability (P = 0.07). The non-diabetic cohort (CRF), on the other hand, manifested significant impairment in red blood cell deformability compared to healthy: control (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: The newly developed slit ektacytometer can measure the RBC deformability with ease and accuracy. In addition, progressive impairment in cell deformability is associated with renal function loss in all patients regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. In diabetic patients, early impairment in RBC deformability appears in patients with normal renal function.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.1234-1240
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• 2018

Background/Aims: Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a value representing the heterogeneity in the size of red blood cell, and it is usually used in distinguishing types of anaemia. Recently, it was reported that it could reflect the burden of inflammation in diverse diseases and their prognosis. Hence, in this study, we investigated whether RDW may contribute to discriminating adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) from sepsis in serious febrile patients within 24 hours after hospitalization. Methods: We reviewed the medical records and enrolled 21 AOSD patients, 27 sepsis patients and 30 matched healthy controls. We collected at least two laboratory results of variables including RDW within 24 hours after hospitalization, and we calculated their mean values. Results: Sepsis patients showed the significantly increased median white blood cell count, compared to AOSD patients ($14,390.0/mm^3$ vs. $12,390.0/mm^3$, p = 0.010). The median RDW in sepsis patients was higher than that in AOSD patients (15.0% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.001), and furthermore, the median RDW in both patient-groups was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. In contrast, the median ferritin level in sepsis patients was lower than that in AOSD patients (544.0 mg/dL vs. 3,756.6 mg/dL, p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, RDW ${\geq}14.8%$ (odds ratio, 17.549) and ferritin < 2,251.0 mg/dL (odds ratio, 32.414) independently suggested sepsis more than AOSD in patients initially presenting with fever requiring hospitalization. Conclusions: RDW might be a rapid and helpful marker for a differential diagnosis between AOSD from sepsis at an early phase.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2014

본 본문은 Bio-MEMS 공정으로 제작한 마이크로 세포 분석 바이오칩을 사용하여 적혈구의 광학적 특성을 전압으로 측정한 실험이다. Bio-MEMS 공정을 이용하여 세포의 원활한 이동과 측정 분석에 사용되는 글라스에 채널 패턴 에칭을 위하여 포토리소그래피(photolithography)와 산화완충식각(BOE: buffered oxide etchant) 공정 조건, 세포 분석과 정보 전달에 사용되는 광섬유의 에칭을 위하여 산화완충식각 공정 조건, 세포나 유체를 칩과 외부의 전달 등에 사용되는 글라스의 홀을 위하여 전기화학방전(ECD: electro chemical discharge) 공정 조건, 글라스 접합을 위한 자외선반응접합(UVSA: ultraviolet sensitive adhesives) 공정 조건을 정립하였다. 또한 유체나 세포의 흐름 제어를 위한 라미나 흐름 조건, 적혈구세포에 대한 산란빔 파형을 측정하였다. 적혈구 실험을 통하여 출력 광섬유의 각도에 따른 산란빔이 출력측의 광섬유각도가 $0^{\circ}$일 때 약 17 V, 각도가 $5^{\circ}$일 때 약 10 V, 각도가 $10^{\circ}$일 때 약 6 V, 각도가 $15^{\circ}$일 때 약 4 V의 전압(Vpp)으로 측정되었다. 따라서 마이크로 세포 분석 바이오칩 제작의 소형화, 단순화, 공정신간 단축, 정량화하였고 적혈구의 광학적 특성을 측정을 측정함으로써 의공학(biomedical), 바이오칩공학(biochip), 반도체공학(semiconductor), 생물정보학(bioinformatics) 등의 응용과학 분야 발전에 기여할 것으로 기대한다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.104-113
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• 1997

연구배경 : 호기성 생물에서 산소의 대사과정 중에 산소의 불안전한 환원으로 산소유리기가 생성되는데 이들 산소유리기의 현저한 증가시 페손상 등 임상적으로 중요한 독성을 일으킬 수 있다고 5 알려져 있어 증가된 산화물이 여러 형태로 만성폐쇄성 폐질환의 발생에 관여 할 것으로 생각된다. 산소유리기의 폐손상과 이에 대한 항산화효소의 방어효과 및 활성도 변화를 관찰함으로 만성폐쇄성 폐질환의 병태생리의 일부분을 알 수 있겠다. 방법 : 만성폐쇄성 폐질환 환자군과 정상대조군 각 15명의 혈청과 적혈구에서 thiobarbituric acid reactant 변화와 항산화효소들(superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase)의 활성도, 그리고 glutathione의 sulfhydry1기 를 측정하여 비교하였다. 결과 : Thiobarbituric acid reactant는 만성폐쇄성 폐질환 환자군에서 정상대조군보다 혈청과 적혈구에서 모두 유의한 증가를 보였고, superoxide dismutase활성도는 두 군사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, glutathione peroxidase와 catalase활성도는 만성폐쇄성 폐질환군에서 정상대조군보다 유의하게 감소되었다. 그리고 총 sulfhydryl기와 비단백 sulfhydryl기 모두 혈청과 적혈구에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 만성폐쇄성 폐 질환 환자에서 thiobarbituric acid reaclant의 증가를 보인 것은 산소유리기에 의한 세포손상을 나타내며, 항산화효소들중 superoxide dismutase는 큰 차이가 없었으나 glutathione peroxidase, catalase등은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소하여 만성폐쇄성 폐질환 환자에서 glutathione peroxidase 와 catalase 감소가 세포손상 기전의 한부분으로 작용한 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.23-34
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• 1989

Gentamicin (GM) is a polybasic, aminoglycoside antibiotic used frequently for the treatment of serious gram-negative infections. The major limiting factors in the clinical use of GM as well as other aminoglycoside antibiotics are their nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The primary mechanism of cell injury in aminoglycoside toxicity appears to be the disruption of normal membrane function and the inhibition of $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase activity. There are both indirect and direct evidences which suggests that the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics on $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase may explain, or contribute to, their toxicity. It has been shown that aminoglycoside reduce total ATPase activity (Kaku et al., 1973) and $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase activity (linuma et al., 1967) in the stria vascularis and spiral ligament of the guinea-pig cochlea. Lipsky and Lietman (1980) reported that aminoglycoside antibitoics inhibited the activity of $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase in microsomal fractions of the cortex and medulla of the guinea-pig kidney, isolated rat renal tubule and human erythrocyte ghosts. The present invstigation was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of GM on human erythrocytes by examining its effect on $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase activity, actives sodium and potassium transport across red blood cell and $^{3}H-ouabain$ binding to red blood cell membranes. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) CM inhibited significantly both the activity of total ATPase and $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase at all concentrations tested. 2) GM inhibited active $^{22}Na$ efflux across red blood cell. When ouabain is present, the rate of $^{22}Na$ efflux was completely inhibited. When both GM and ouabain were added, the inhibitory effect of active $^{22}Na$ efflux was more pronounced. 3) Active $^{86}Rb$ influx was inhibited significantly by GM. In the presence of ouabain, the rate of $^{86}Rb$ influx is markedly inhibited. But $^{86}Rb$ influx is not appreciably altered by the presence of both GM and ouabain. 4) In the presence of GM, $^{3}H-ouabain$ binding to red blood cell membrane increased. From the above results, it may be concluded that the inhibition of active sodium and potassium transport across red blood cell by gentamicin appears to be due to the inhibition of $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase activity and an increase in ouabain binding to red blood cell membranes.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1990년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Korean Ginseng, 1990, Seoul, Korea
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• pp.132-136
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• 1990

The metabolic disturbance and nephrotoxicity induced by sodium dichromate (20 mg/kg, SC) have been diminished by the administration of Korean red ginseng extract (100 mg/kg, PO). Red ginseng has a powerful potency on the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increment shown in the early 2h after dichromate intoxication. It normalized the dichromate induced hepatic glycogenolysis. The effect of red ginseng on dichromate induced nephrotoxicity was investigated by hematological analysis, and urinalysis. Ginseng treatment significantly reduced the increases in the urinary excretion of protein and glucose. These effects were dose dependent. Ginseng protected the accumulation of BUN and cretonne in the blood, caused by dichromate intoxication. Unlike CaEDTA, ginseng did not change the urinary excretion chromium. And it could not convert htxavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. These results suggest that ginseng treatment is effective in decreasing the metabolic disturbance, one of the earliest signs of dichromate toxicity, resulting in the protective effect of dichromate induced renal damage.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2008

Protective effects of cheonggukjang fermented with 20% red ginseng (RC) were observed in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by measuring levels of blood glucose, serum lipid profiles, and hepatic reactive oxygen species generating and scavenging enzymc activities. RC diet was prepared by mixing with AIN-76 diet at the final concentration 2%, and it was fed to STZ-induced diabetic rats for 3 weeks. The RC dict was significantly improved body weight, feed efficiency ratio, levels of serum glucose, and serum and hepatic lipids in diabetes. The significantly elevated O type activity of xanthine oxidase in diabetes was also greatly decreased by the RC diet. The treatment of RC showed the improved hepatic glutathione s-transferase activities in the diabetic animals. The present study indicates that cheonggukjang fermented with red ginseng could ameliorate STZ-induccd diabetic symptoms such as aggravated blood glucose levels, serum lipid profiles, and even the conditions of oxidative stress.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.274-278
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• 1990

The metabolic disturbance and nephrotoxicity induced by sodium dichromate (20 mg/kg, SC) have been diminished by the administration of Korean red ginseng extract (100 mg/kg, PO). Red ginseng has a powerful potency on the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increment shown in the early 2h after dichromate intoxication. It normalized the dichromate induced hepatic glycogenolysis. The effect of red ginseng on dichroamte induced nephrotoxicity was investigated by hematological analysis, and urinalysis. Ginseng treatment significantly reduced the increases in the urinary excretion of protein and glucose. These effects were dose dependent. Ginseng protected the accumulation of BUN and creatinine in the blood, caused by dichromate intoxication. Unlike CaEDTA, ginseng did not change the urinary excretion of chromiilm and it could not convert hexavalent chronlium to trialvalent chromium. These results suggest that ginseng treatment is effective in decreasing the metabolic disturbance, one of the earliest signs of dichromate toxicity, resulting in the protective effect of dichromate induced renal damage.