• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.210-218
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• 2015

The antioxidant activity of white ginseng was not recorded in Korea Functional Food Code, while its activity of red ginsengs was recorded. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hepato protective effect of different ginsengs in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. White and red ginseng were prepared from longitudinal section of the same fresh ginseng (4-year old). The whole parts of white and red ginsengs were separately extracted with 70% ethanol and distilled water respectively, at 70 ℃ to obtain therapeutic ginseng extracts namely, WDH (distilled water extract of white ginseng), WEH (70% ethanol extract of white ginseng), RDH (distilled water extract of red ginseng) and REH (70% ethanol extract of red ginseng). In this work, we have investigated the DPPH, hydroxyl radical, Fe²⁺-chelating activity, intracellular ROS scavenging capacity and lipid peroxidation of different ginsengs. All these extracts showed a dose dependent free-radical scavenging capacity and a ROS generation as well as lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced by treatment with bioactive extracts of white ginsengs (WDH) than red ginsengs. Additionally, white ginseng extracts (WDH) has dramatically increased intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase and catalase in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. All these results explain that administration of white ginseng is useful as herbal medicine than red ginseng for chemoprevention of liver damage.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.261-268
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• 2003

Ten MHz pulsed NMR spectrometer was used to measure the magnetic resonance characteristics of Korean red ginseng. The difference in the internal structures of good and bad red ginsengs was examined by their NMR characteristics. Average values of $T_1$ and free induction decay(FID) ratios of under grade Korean red ginseng were the highest among the three groups categorized as normal, medium and under grades Korean red ginseng and average values of $T_2$ and $T_2$$^{＊}$ of them were the lowest among the three groups. Principal component analysis(PCA) was used to observe the contribution of measured NMR values to the grade of Korean red ginseng. The measured $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_2$$^{＊}$ and FID ratio of 79 Korean red ginsengs classified as normal grade, medium grade and under grade were examined using PCA analysis. Cumulative variance of PC1 through PC3 occupied more than 90% of total variance at first and second NMR measurement. Plots of PC scores for the most important PCs showed that normal red ginseng samples were distributed around the left region of PC1 axis and most of the undergrade red ginseng samples were scattered around the right region of PC1 axis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2012

Ginseng has a long history of use for health enhancement, and there is some evidence from animal studies that it has a beneficial effect on cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Korean red ginseng on cognitive performance in humans. A total of 15 healthy young males with no psychiatric or cognitive problems were selected based on an interview with a board-certified psychiatrist. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of 4,500 mg red ginseng or placebo for a 2-week trial. There were 8 subjects in the red ginseng group and 7 subjects in the placebo group. All of the subjects were analyzed with the Vienna test system and a P300 event-related potential (ERP) test. There were no significant differences in the Vienna test system scores between the red ginseng group and the placebo group. In the event-related potential test, the C3 latency of the red ginseng group tended to decrease during the study period (p=0.005). After 2 wk, significant decreases were observed in the P300 latencies at Cz (p=0.008), C3 (p=0.005), C4 (p=0.002), and C mean (p=0.003) in the red ginseng group. Our results suggest that the decreased latency in ERP is associated with improved cognitive function. Further studies with a higher dosage of ginseng, a larger sample size, and a longer follow-up period are necessary to confirm the clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1789-1791
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• 2008

This study was aimed (i) to develop an effective method for the purification of ginsenosides for industrial use and (ii) to compare the distribution of ginsenosides in cultured wild ginseng roots (adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng) with those of red ginseng (steamed ginseng) and white ginseng (air-dried ginseng). The crude extracts of cultured wild ginseng roots, red ginseng, and white ginseng were obtained by using a 75% ethanol extraction combined with ultrasonication. This was followed sequentially by AB-8 macroporous adsorption chromatography, Amberlite IRA 900 Cl anion-exchange chromatography, and Amberlite XAD16 adsorption chromatography for further purification. The contents of total ginsenosides were increased from 4.1%, 12.1%, and 11.3% in the crude extracts of cultured wild ginseng roots, red ginseng, and white ginseng to 79.4%, 71.7%, and 72.5% in the final products, respectively. HPLC analysis demonstrated that ginsenosides in cultured wild ginseng roots were distributed in a different ratio compared with red ginseng and white ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.86-89
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• 2016

This study compared the contents of prosapogenin depending on the extracting conditions of Red ginseng to provide basic information for developing Red ginseng-based functional foods. The content of ginsenoside Rg3 reached their maximum value at 24 h of extraction, followed by 36 h and 72 h of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.39-43
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the effect of ginseng saponin from Korean red ginseng on the learning and memory. Total (50, 100 mg/kg, bw) and panaxadiol saponin (15, 30 mg/kg, bw) treated groups did not show the difference of the time score and the number of error in comparison with control group. Panaxatriol saponin (15, 30 mg/kg, bw) significantly decreased both the time score and the number of error in water maze test. These results indicate that panaxatriol saponin from Korean red ginseng may improve the learning ability of rat in water multiple T-maze.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the effects of Ginseng Radix (G), Rehmanniae Radix (R), and Fermented red-ginseng extracts (FRG) on cognitive function in scopolamine-induced memory-impaired mice. We measured the effects of G, R, and FRG on the improvement of memory and cognition via behavior analysis. In addition, we measured the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampus of each group of mice. The expression of β-amyloid, Tau, and BDNF in the brain tissues were observed through immunohistochemical staining. Ginseng Radix (G) and Fermented red-ginseng (FRG) have effectively improved cognitive function in the water maze test. Ginseng Radix (G), Rehmanniae Radix (R), and Fermented red-ginseng (FRG) have improved the willingness of mice to explore the new environment, as confirmed by Y maze test. In addition, immunohistochemical staining revealed that Ginseng Radix (G) decreased the expression of β-amyloid and Tau in the hippocampus. In addition, fermented red-ginseng (FRG) increased the expression of BDNF. Ginseng Radix (G), Rehmanniae Radix (R), and Fermented red-ginseng (FRG) have decreased the concentration of acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus as compared with the control group of mice. In conclusion, Ginseng Radix (G), Rehmanniae Radix (R), and Fermented red-ginseng (FRG) are considered to have the potential for development as candidate drugs to control the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.244-251
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• 1998

KG101 was developed by the Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute. We reported about yield trials and local adaptability test. Growth characteristics and red ginseng quality of KG101 in local performance test can be summarized as follows. Aerial parts growth, stem and leaf, was similar about KG101 and Jakyungjong, 4-year old and 6-year old ginseng. Emergence rate of KG101 was higher than Jakyungjong in the 3 location of local performance test. Taproot diameter of KG101 was smaller than Jakyungjong and taproot shape of KG101 had fitted characteristics, radish type and human body type, to manufactured red ginseng. Raw ginseng grade, 1st and 2nd of KG101 was higher than Jakyungjong's. Chun, Jeesam ratio to manufacture of 2nd grade of raw ginseng of KG101 was 25%, Jakyungjong was 6-13% in 3 location of local performance test. Distribution of red ginseng weight of Jakyungiong was heavier than KG101 in 2 location, Kongju and Jungup, but KG101 was heavier than Jakyungjong in Ichon. Red ginseng quality of KG101 was better than Jakyungiong. Main degrade factor of red ginseng quality was inside cavity and inside white, was not different lines and location.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.1050-1057
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 홍삼박 분말의 첨가량을 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%로 밀가루에 혼합하여 머핀을 제조한 후 이에 따른 품질을 평가하였다. 홍삼박의 일반 성분은 수분 6.37%, 조단백질 11.7%, 조지방 0.9%, 조회분 4.3%로 나타났다. 홍삼박 머핀 반죽의 비중을 측정한 결과 반죽의 비중은 홍삼박 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 머핀의 중량과 굽기손실률은 홍삼박 분말 첨가군들 간에는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 머핀의 부피, 높이와 pH는 대조군이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 홍삼박 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 홍삼박 분말 첨가량 증가 시 높은 수분 함량의 머핀 제조가 가능하였다. 머핀의 dough와 crumb의 색도의 경우 dough와 crumb의 L값과 b값은 홍삼박 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였고, a값은 홍삼박 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 머핀의 항산화 활성은 홍삼박 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 경도, 검성, 씹힘성은 홍삼박 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 값은 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 점착성, 탄력성, 응집성, 복원성은 홍삼박 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 관능평가에서 색, 조직감, 입안에서의 느낌은 홍삼박 분말의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 머핀 제조에 홍삼박 가루를 6% 이하로 첨가할 경우 홍삼박의 기능적 특성을 향상시키고 품질 변화를 최소화할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 홍삼박을 이용한 다양한 제품 개발 가능성을 제시할 수 있는 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.414-417
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate as litter amendments on ammonia, soluble reactive phosphorus, and pathogen populations in poultry litters. Methods: Increasing levels of Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate were applied onto the surface of rice hull as a top-dress application; untreated rice hulls served as controls. Results: Treatment with Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate alone resulted in lower litter pH (p < 0.05), as compared with that of the controls. There were some differences (p < 0.05) between treatments with Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate alone and controls at 2-4 wk (not at 1 wk). Ammonia levels reduced on an average by 29%, 30%, and 32% for 10 g, 20 g Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate, and aluminum sulfate alone, respectively, as compared with controls at 4 wk. During the experiment, Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate treatment had an effect (p < 0.05) on soluble reactive phosphorus content, as compared with the controls (not at 4 wk). A decrease in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli was observed (p < 0.05) in litter amended with both Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate and aluminum sulfate alone, as compared with the control, except at 1-3 wk for Salmonella enterica and 1 wk and 4 wk for Escherichia coli, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that using Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate (blends), which act as acidifying agents by reducing the pH of the litter, was equally effective as aluminum sulfate in reducing the environmental impact.