• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.53-60
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• 1989

This study was carried out in order to investigate a suitable dietary guideline for athlets who need weight control. This dietary guideline will be a basic information to furnish further development of the computer program. The weight of Boxing and Judo players were diverse ranging from 49.5Kg to 95Kg whose overage age was 21. Also the quantity of energy expenditure during a day's activity depended on the indiviual's weight and physical conditions that will contribute to many factors among those surveyed, and the overall contribute to many factors among those surveyed, and the overall consumption of calorie per day was ranged from 3682Kcal to 7226Kcal. For those athlets, they suggested necessary nutritional intake of protein per 1Kg weight was 1.18㎎ and the recommended intake of vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and niacin was 0.5㎎, 0.6㎎, and 6.6㎎ each per 1,000Kcal of calorie needed. Taste perference of athletes showed that there was no extreme dislike toward and food items. However, this study showed that strongly flavored food was not prefered. On the other hand, there was a high preference toward protein foods, fruits and beverages.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.691-701
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary quality of school-aged children from low-income families in comparison with those from higher income families. The socio-demographic and anthropometric data and one day 24-hour recall dietary intake data of 1,782 school-aged children were used for analysis from the data of 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey. The children whose family had monthly household income 120% or lower than the 2001 Minimum Cost of Living were classified into Low Income Group (LIG), and the others were classified into Higher Income Group (HIG). The consumption levels of the food groups of the Korean Food Guide as well as the general nutritional status based on their weight and height, energy and nutrient intake were compared between LIG and HIG in elementary (n = 989), middle (n = 432), and high (n = 361) school-aged children, respectively. LIG tended to have lower weight, height, and BMI than HIG, but the difference was significant only in the weight and the BMI of the middle school-aged children. The energy intake of LIG didn't differ from that of HIG, but LIG consumed a higher percentage of energy from carbohydrate and a lower percentage of energy from fat than HIG. Some micronutrient intake was lower in LIG than HIG in case of the elementary and the middle school-aged children. The average numbers of servings of milk dairy products and fruits consumed by LIG were significantly lower than those consumed by HIG in the elementary and the middle school-aged children, and they were less than the respective recommended serving. The average number of servings of meat fish egg beans consumed by LIG was lower than that consumed by HIG in the middle and the high school-aged children, and it was also less than the recommended serving. The results suggested that the diet of children from low-income families should be intervened by strategies different from the other children in order to improve the consumption level of milk dairy products, fruits, and meat fish egg beans.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2003

This study was to investigate the relation of nutrients intake, health status, and bone mineral density in middle-aged women. Daily nutrients intake were analyzed by convenient method. The BMD of subjects were measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DEXA). BMD was measured at the spine(vertebrae L2-L4) and femur(neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter). The nutrients intake of subjects were higher than recommended dietary allowances(RDA) except for calorie, iron, calcium, vitamin B1. Nutrients intake of vitamin A(p<0.05), iron(p<0.01), vitamin $B_2$(p<0.05), niacin(p<0.05), and vitamin C(p<0.05) between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. Mean daily intake of calcium was much less than the Korean RDA, 78.5% in $\leq$49 yr group and 77.3% in $\geq$50 yr group. 35.8% of the subjects under 50 years of age($\leq$49 yr group) and 77.4% of the subjects from 50 years up($\geq$50 yr group) were classified as osteopenia or osteoporosis. BMD of L2-L4 were positively correlated with height(p<0.05), weight(p<0.05) and BMI(p<0.05). BMD of femoral neck was positively correlated with BMI(p<0.05), BMD of Ward's triangle was positively correlated with weight(p<0.001). But BMD of L2-L4 and femoral neck were negatively correlated with age(p<0.05), menarche(p<0.05). BMD of Ward's triangle was negatively correlated with age(p<0.001). The BMD of L2-L4 were positively correlated with animal protein(p<0.05), calcium(p<0.05) and iron(p<0.05). The BMD of femoral neck was positively correlated with animal protein(p<0.05). The BMD of Ward's triangle was positively correlated with animal protein(p<0.001) and iron(p<0.001). The above results suggest that it should be difficult to prevent middle-aged women's bone destruction through nutrients intake. Further investigation is necessary to prove the mutual relations between BMD, exercise, and calcium intake. Therefore, middle-aged women will need proper exercise as well as Ca supplementation in order to prevent osteoporosis with aging.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.102-106
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• 1999

Changes in nutritional and health status brought on by a two-year balanced diet were assessed with anthropometric measurements as well as hematological and lipid profiles in 56 healthy young men. Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) were adjusted with estimated daily weighted activity factor. The weighted resting energy expenditure factor of the subjects was 2.37 $\pm$ 0.05. Compared with RDA, all nutrient intakes were adequate and 56% of energy was supplied by carbohydrates, 18% by protein and 26% by fat. The vitamin and mineral intakes except vitamin B-2 were higher (26.46-129.88%) than RDA. Vitamin B-2 intake was 92.15 \ulcorner 14.16% of RDA. There was no seasonal variation on nutrient intakes. Height was increased and systolic blood pressure was decreased by balanced diet for two years. Body weight, diastolic blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were unchanged. The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit was not changed, the level of plasma protein was decreased and the level of plasma total cholesterol and albumin was increased. These results suggest that a balanced diet can increase height and complement health status achieved through vigorous exercise, even in adults, and that the level of Korean RDA for energy is adequate to maintain existing body weight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.293-305
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• 1998

According to economical status, under-nutrition and over-nutrition coexist in preschool children in Korea. Subjects consumed more than RDA in most nutrients, and children in of the upper income class tended to have more nutrients than those of the low income class. Especially in case of energy, protein, fat, vitamin $B_2$, and P there were significant differences among the different classes. The mean calorie compositions of carbohydrates, protein and fat were $57{\sim}59:\;16{\sim}17:\;26{\sim}27$ and fat calorie percentage was higher than quantity recommended for Korean adults. Energy, protein, Fe, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C intakes were taken mostly from plant food sources. In the upper income class group, intakes of protein and vitamin $B_2$ from animal food sources were higher than in any other income classes. Intakes of iron, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C were largely provided by plant food group. Especially 44-45% of vitamin A were taken from vegetable and fruits group, which indicated that about 50% of vitamin A intake was the form of ${\beta}-carotene$. Also compared with other groups, in the upper income class group, the intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ from cereal and potatoes were significantly lower, and those of Ca and P from milks and meats, fishes & eggs were significantly higher(p<0.05). The mean fat intake in all subjects was $38{\sim}43g/day$. Regardless of income class, oleic acid($6.6{\sim}8.4g$) and linoleic acid($6.7{\sim}8.1g$) were the most abundant fatty acids contained in the diet. The upper class group consumed significantly more total saturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids(p<0.05). In polyunsaturated fatty acids, there were no differences between 3 different income classes, but intakes of total ${\omega}6$ fatty acids in the upper class tended to be higher and those of total o3 fatty acids in low class tended to be higher. Therefore, ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ tended to be higher in the upper class group. Regardless of income classes, P/M/S and ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ ratios in all subjects were $0.9{\sim}l.3/1.0{\sim}1.1/1.0$ and $5.2{\sim}7.4/1.0$, respectively and were in a desirable range. Cholesterol intake of subject was 184-218 mg/day, which was comparable to the value of Korean adult intake.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.717-726
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate health status and nutrient intakes among 5th grade elementary students at Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2010. This study was cross-sectional study on 1,384 children (687 boys, 697 girls) from nine elementary schools located in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The average height, weight and BMI were 145 cm, 40.6 kg $19.2\;kg/m^2$ for boys and 145.4 cm, 38.2 kg, $18.0\;kg/m^2$ for girls. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 11.3%, 5.2%, respectively. Serum AST, ALT, glucose, HDL-Cholesterol and RBC levels were significantly higher, while TG levels was significantly lower for boys than for girls. The average energy intake was 1772.4 kcal, which was 98.7% of Estimated Energy Requirement (EER). The boys consumed more energy intake (1800.4 kcal) than the girls (1744.7 kcal). Also, they took insufficient calcium and folate (69.1% and 83.3% of Recommended Intake (RI)) and excess sodium (297.6% of Adequate Intake (AI)) and 85.1% of the subjects had breakfast everyday. In general, the proportion of the children who consumed fruits and vegetables at least once or more a day was low. There was a higher proportion of children in boys who had ramyun and milk with sufficient physical activity than those in girls. As a result of this study, we can find risk factors on obesity and metabolic disorders, and the results can be used for an evidence of nutrition education program and the intervention program.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.30-43
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• 2012

Patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis are at risk for protein-energy malnutrition because of nutrient losses during dialysis. This study determined the nutritional status of patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Forty-four patients receiving CAPD were divided into two groups according to dialysis period. We investigated the nutritional status of the patients by measuring anthropometric and biochemical parameters, as well as food intake, self-appetite, dietary habits, a subjective global assessment, and a total nutritional status assessment. Group I subjects (7 males, 13 females) had received dialysis for < 2 years, whereas the group II subjects (18 males, 6 females) received dialysis for ${\geq}$ 2 years. Energy intake with added dextrose in the dialysate per kg of body weight was $30.3{\pm}5.8$ kcal in group I and $29.0{\pm}8.1$ kcal in group II. The average protein intake per kg of weight was $1.0{\pm}0.3$ g in group I and $1.0{\pm}0.4$ g in group II, which were less than the recommended protein intake for patients undergoing CAPD (1.2-1.5 g/kg). Mean serum albumin level was significantly lower in group II than that in group I (p < 0.05). A recent self-appetite score was significantly higher in group II than that in group I (p < 0.01). The dietary habits score was significantly lower in group II than that in group I (p < 0.05). The subjective global assessment was significantly higher in group I (85.0%) than that in group II (54.2%) under normal nutrition status (p < 0.05). The dialysis period was significantly and negatively correlated with the subjective global assessment (r = -0.502, p < 0.01) and the total nutritional status assessment (r = -0.575, p < 0.01). These results demonstrated that patients undergoing CAPD for ${\geq}$ 2 years had worse nutritional status than those who had been undergoing dialysis for < 2 years. Good nutritional status can predict the long-term survival of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Additionally, the exact evaluation of nutritional status before 2 years will be important to maintain long-term dialysis therapy in patients undergoing CAPD.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.429-444
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• 1997

This study aimed at investigating correlation of nutrients intake and serum lipids in middle-aged korean male and female workers. One hundred sixty eight(male ;105, female ;63) for adult aged 30-59yr(average age male ;36.5yr, female ;44.5yr) were selected as subjects during 2 months, from April to May, 1996. Nutrients intake status was investigated by questionnaire, 24-hour recall method. Antropometric assessments, serum lipids and blood pressure of the subjects were investigated. The results as follows: 1. Nutrients intake status ; male was superior to female. Vitamin A intakes of 40-49yr group were inferior to other group but amounts of intake were above Korean RDA(recommended dietary allowances), Intakes of calcium and vitamin C of 30-39yr and over 50yr group in female were below Korean RDA. In overweights group of male and underweight group of female, most nutrients intake were increased than other groups. 2. Antropometric assessments ; female was higher than male in BMI (body mass index). All subjects increasingly with age were increased in BMI. 3. Blood components were above normal range in triglyceride in both sexes and all subjects increasingly with age were increased In level of serum lipids and blood pressure, especially in male's forty and in female's fifty were higher than other groups In serum lipids and blood pressure. In overweights group, serum lipids and blood pressure had a significantly($\alpha$=0.05) increasing tendency in both sexes. 4. Serum lipids and connected factors; atherogenic index correlated positively with triglyceride, total-chol(total cholesterol), LDL-chol(low density-lipoprotein cholesterol) and negatively with HDL-chol(high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol) significantly(P＜0.001). Systolic blood pressure correlated positively with total-chol and diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with total-chol, LDL-chol significantly(P＜0.05). 5. Serum lipids and nutrients intake status: energy correlated positively(P＜0.05) with BMI, dietary fiber correlated positively with LDL-chol(P＜0.05), calcium correlated positively with triglyceride, atherogenic index and dietary fiber correlated negatively with BMI in male significantly(P＜0.05). Triglyceride correlated positively with vitamin C and phosphorus correlated negatively with BMI in female significantly(P＜0.05). Above results, in male's forty and in female's fifty were liable to variation in terms of serum lipids and blood pressure. As increasing triglyceride, total-chol, LDL-chol and decreasing HDL-chol Increased atherogenic index that suggest increasing risk of atherosclerosis. But, this point will be considered more subdivided study.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.143-158
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• 2006

The study examined nutritional conditions to enhance the quality of meals and to provide the basic data for more proper dietary life of college students. Our analysis was based on the body measurement, food intake and food habits for 200 students of Chung-Nam. The nutrient intake was examined using the 24-hour recall method. The data were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program and then the diet quality was estimated using the Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR), the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) and the Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ). The average weight and height of male students were $67.57{\pm}8.66kg,\;174.64{\pm}5.87cm$, while those of female students were $53.46{\pm}6.86kg,\;159.10{\pm}4.19cm$, respectively. The total energy intake of the male students was $3221.71{\pm}200.39kcal$, while that of the female students was $1884.67{\pm}100.93kcal$. The male students are higher than female in % of RDA. The percentages of carbohydrate, protein and lipid for male students were $57.18{\pm}7.83%,\;15.15{\jpm}3.36%\;and\; 27.67{\pm}6.68%$, while those of female students were $58.77{\pm}7.68%,\;15.51{\pm}4.55%\;and\;25.72{\pm}6.20%$, respectively. There was no significant difference in calcium intakes for both groups, however they are less than the RDA. In terms of iron, the male students took $16.98{\pm}5.57mg$ and the female students took $11.35{\pm}2.68mg$, with significant difference (p<0.001). The male and female students showed sufficient intake of vitamins, with significant difference between two groups except for vitamin A. The mean MAR, an index of overall dietary quality, was significantly higher in the male students than female students(p<0.01). Male and female students enjoying two meals or more a day were 59%, and those having enough time for one meal or less a day were 36.5%. Male and female students having no breakfast were 39%. Male and female students having vegetables intake were 53.5%, and having milk or milk products every day were 29.5% of them. In conclusion, nutritional education is recommended to increase the calcium intake and fruit and vegetable consumption for dietary fiber, and to emphasize regularity of meal time.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.797-808
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• 2001

To determine folate intake and food sources in Korea college students, dietary survey was conducted in March, 1999. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using the method of 24-hour recalls for 3 consecutive days. The data of 44 male and 62 female students were analyzed with two different nutrient databases in Recommended Dietary Allowances for Korean on the 6th and 7th revisions, and the results were compared. The intakes of energy and nutrients except vitamin A and folate were lower when analyzed with the 7th database than the 6th database. Mean daily folate intakes with the 6th and 7th databases were 172.9$\mu\textrm{g}$, 221.6$\mu\textrm{g}$ for male students while 125.1$\mu\textrm{g}$, 168.0$\mu\textrm{g}$ for female students, respectively. The results showed significantly higher estimates of folate intake with the 7th database, and significantly higher intake in males than females analyzed with both the 6th and 7th databases. Daily folate intake per 1,000kcal (folate density) was 71.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for males and 67.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for females with the 6th database, and 97.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for males and 95.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for females with the 7th database. The differences in folate density between the two databases were signficant, but the differences between the gender were not significant. The proportions of the subjects who consumed more than the RDA of 250$\mu\textrm{g}$ with the 6th and 7th databases were only 4.6%, 29.6% of males and 1.6%, 9.7% of females, respectively. The biggest food source of folate was Kimchi, contributing 17.9% for male and 13.7% for female students with 7th database. Laver, spinach, Ramyon, rice, and Ko Chu Jang together with Kimchi contributed 41.9% for male and 32.4% for females students with the 7th database. These results imply that folate intake reported in the reported inthe previous studies using the 6th database was underestimated. However, the 7th database seems to be still incomplete since 20.5% of 2,932 foods in the database were derived from the other sources, and the rest were imputed from similar foods. Therefore, in order to accurately estimate folate intake of Koreans, folate contents in major contributing foods need to be measured using an appropriate assay method.