• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.289-302
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• 2023

Insulating glass units (IGUs) have been widely used in buildings in recent years due to their superior thermal insulation performance. However, because of the panel reciprocating motion and fatigue deterioration of sealants under long-term wind loads, many IGUs have the problem of early failure of watertight properties in real usage. This study aimed to propose a statistical method for wind-induced deflection of IGU panels during the whole life service period, for further precise analysis of the accumulated fatigue damage at the sealed part of the edge bond. By the estimation of the wind occurrence regularity based on wind pressure return period, the events of each wind speed interval during the whole life were obtained for the IGUs at 50m height in Beijing, which are in good agreement with the measured data. Also, the wind-induced deflection analysis method of IGUs based on the formula of airspace coefficient was proposed and verified as an improvement of the original stiffness distribution method with the average relative error compared to the test being about 3% or less. Combining the two methods above, the deformation of the outer and inner panes under wind loads during 30 years was precisely calculated, and the deflection and stress state at selected locations were obtained finally. The results show that the compression displacement at the secondary sealant under the maximum wind pressure is close to 0.3mm (strain 2.5%), and the IGUs are in tens of thousands of times the low amplitude tensile-compression cycle and several times to dozens of times the relatively high amplitude tensile-compression cycle environment. The approach proposed in this paper provides a basis for subsequent studies on the durability of IGUs and the wind-resistant behaviors of curtain wall structures.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.31-48
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• 2024

In order to get a better understanding of seismic performance of exterior beam-column joint, reciprocating loading tests with variable loading speeds or axial forces were carried out. The main findings indicate that only few cracks exist on the surface of the joint core area, while the plastic hinge region at the beam end is seriously damaged. The damage of the specimen is more serious with the increase of the upper limit of variable axial force. The deflection ductility coefficient of specimen decreases to various degrees after the upper limit of variable axial force increases. In addition, the higher the loading speed is, the lower the deflection ductility coefficient of the specimen is. The stiffness of the specimen decreases as the upper limit of variable axial force or the loading speed increase. Compared to the influence of variable axial force, the influence of the loading speed on the stiffness degradation of the specimen is more obvious. The cumulative energy dissipation and the equivalent viscous damping coefficient of specimen decrease with the increase of loading speed. The influence of variable axial force on the energy dissipation of specimen varies under different loading speeds. Based on the truss model, the biaxial stress criterion, the Rankine criterion, the Kent-Scott-Park model, the equivalent theorem of shearing stress, the softened strut-and-tie model, the controlled slip theory and the proposed equations, a calculation method for the shear capacity is proposed with satisfactory prediction results.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2024

Gearboxes designed for reciprocating motion operating mechanisms operate under conditions where both the load and speed undergo continuous variations. When conducting durability tests on gearboxes designed for such applications, operating the target gearbox under conditions similar to the intended usage is essential. The gearbox must be operated for the required number of cycles to validate its durability under conditions mirroring its intended usage. This study devised an accelerated test method for gearboxes, which reduces operating angles and operational strokes. The reliability of the accelerated test was verified by comparing the stresses imposed on the gears under general and acceleration conditions through multi-body dynamic simulations. The results confirmed that the maximum contact stress levels under normal and accelerated conditions were within a 0.1% error range, indicating a minimal difference in the gear damage rates. However, a difference in the maximum contact stress results between the normal and accelerated conditions was observed when inertial forces acted on the output shaft due to the operational acceleration of the gearbox. Therefore, when conducting this acceleration test, caution should be exercised to ensure that the operational load on the gearbox, which affects inertia, does not significantly deviate from the conditions observed under normal operating conditions.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2020

경질 크롬 도금은 도금과정에서 유독성 물질인 Cr⁺⁶을 배출시키기 때문에 환경오염과 폐암을 유발하고 있어 최근 고속화염 용사법 (HVOF)을 이용한 코팅 방법이 대체 방법으로 각광받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 HVOF 방법을 이용하여 경질 크롬 도금 방법을 대체하기 위한 WC-CoCr과 WC-CrC-Ni 서멧 코팅을 제조하였으며, 제조된 코팅층의 물리적/화학적 특성인 미세경도, 기공도, 결정상 및 미세구조를 경도기, 광학현미경, X-선 회절 (XRD), 주사전자현미경(SEM) 및 EDS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 코팅층의 마모 및 마찰 거동 분석을 위해 왕복 슬라이딩 마모 테스트 방법을 이용하여 25 ℃, 250 ℃, 450 ℃의 온도에서 실시하였으며, 두 코팅층의 마모/마찰 특성을 비교 평가하여, 코팅층의 내마모 성능이 미세구조와 금속기지 결합제 간의 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 미세구조가 균일하고, 기공도가 낮을수록 내마모성이 향상되고, 금속기지 결합제가 많을수록 우수한 내마모성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. 즉, 균일한 미세구조와 과량의 Co, Cr 금속기지 결합제, 낮은 기공도로 인해 온도와 테스트 온도와 관계없이 WC-CoCr 코팅이 WC-CrC-Ni 코팅에 비해 내마모성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.59-80
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 영재로 선정되어 영재교육을 받은 학생들의 사회성을 이해하기 위해 최후통첩게임 및 유한반복공공재게임을 이용하여 사회적 딜레마 상황에서 이들의 사회적 행동 및 상호작용유형을 분석했다. 이를 위해 서울시내 소재 영재교육원에서 영재교육을 받고 있는 영재집단 132명과 비교를 위해 일반집단 72명을 대상으로 실험을 실시하였다. 최후통첩게임 실험결과 두 집단 모두에서 제안율이 37~38%로 기존의 연구결과와 유사하게 나타났으며 영재집단도 일반적인 정도의 사회적 선호를 지녔다고 해석되었다. 최후통첩게임의 적은 제안에 대한 거부율은 영재집단에서 월등히 높게 나타났는데, 영재집단에서 자신의 비용을 들여서라도 공정하지 못한 상대방을 처벌하고자 하는 부(-)의 상호성이 강한 것으로 해석되었다. 유한반복 공공재게임의 실험결과에서는 기존의 관련 연구와 마찬가지로 두 집단 모두 초반부 기여율이 높다가 후반부로 갈수록 낮아지는 현상이 지속적으로 나타났다. 하지만 두 집단에서 실험집단 내 다른 구성원과의 상호작용 패턴이 다르게 나타났다. 상호작용 패턴을 5가지로 분류해 분석한 결과, 영재집단이 일반집단보다 실험집단 내 개별 구성원들의 공공재에 대한 기여율을 높여 추후에 자신의 기대이익을 높이고자 하는 전략적 협조를 하는 경향이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 영재집단에서 전략적 협조자의 빈도가 높게 나타난 것은 일반집단에 비해 그들이 실험 집단 내 구성원들과의 상호작용으로 자신의 기대 보수를 크게 만드는데 관심을 두기 때문인 것으로 해석된다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.648-655
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• 2014

This paper describes the continuing effort to develope a single acting free-piston Stirling engine/alternator combination for use of the household cogeneration. Free piston Stirling engines(FPSE) use variations of working gas pressure to drive mechanically unconstrained reciprocating elements. Stirling cycle free-piston engines are driven by the Stirling thermodynamic cycle which is characterized by an externally heated device containing working gas that is continuously re-used in a regenerative, reversible cycle. The ideal cycle is described by two isothermal process connected by two constant volume processes. Heat removed during the constant volume cooling process is internally transferred to the constant volume heating process by mutual use of a thermal storage medium called the regenerator. Since the ideal cycle is reversible, the ideal efficiency is that of Carnot. Free-piston Stirling engine is have no crank and rotating parts to generate lateral forces and require lubrication. The FPSE is typically comprised of two oscillating pistons contained in a common cylinder. The temperature difference across the displacer maintains the oscillations, and the FPSE operate at natural frequency of the mass-spring system. The power is generated from a linear alternator. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design process of the single acting free-piston Stirling engine/alternator. Electrical output of the single acting free-piston Stirling engine/alternator is about 0.95 kW.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2001년도 추계학술강연 및 발표대회
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• pp.7-7
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• 2001

The increasing interest in light weight materials coupled to the need for cost -effective processing have combined to create a significant opportunity for aluminum P/M. particularly in the automotive industry in order to reduce fuel emissions and improve fuel economy at affordable prices. Additional potential markets for Al PIM parts include hand tools. Where moving parts against gravity represents a challenge; and office machinery, where reciprocating forces are important. Aluminum PIM adds light weight, high compressibility. low sintering temperatures. easy machinability and good corrosion resistance to all advantages of conventional iron bm;ed P/rv1. Current commercial alloys are pre-mixed of either the AI-Si-Mg or AL-Cu-Mg-Si type and contain 1.5% ethylene bis-stearamide as an internal lubricant. The powder is compacted in closed dies at pressure of 200-500Mpa and sintered in nitrogen at temperatures between $580~630^{\circ}C$ in continuous muffle furnace. For some applications no further processing is required. although most applications require one or more secondary operations such as sizing and finishing. These sccondary operations improve the dimension. properties or appearance of the finished part. Aluminum is often considered difficult to sinter because of the presence of a stable surface oxide film. Removal of the oxide in iron and copper based is usually achieved through the use of reducing atmospheres. such as hydrogen or dissociated ammonia. In aluminum. this occurs in the solid st,lte through the partial reduction of the aluminum by magncsium to form spinel. This exposcs the underlying metal and facilitates sintering. It has recently been shown that < 0.2% Mg is all that is required. It is noteworthy that most aluminum pre-mixes contain at least 0.5% Mg. The sintering of aluminum alloys can be further enhanced by selective microalloying. Just 100ppm pf tin chnnges the liquid phase sintering kinetics of the 2xxx alloys to produce a tensile strength of 375Mpa. an increilse of nearly 20% over the unmodified alloy. The ductility is unnffected. A similar but different effect occurs by the addition of 100 ppm of Pb to 7xxx alloys. The lend changes the wetting characteristics of the sintering liquid which serves to increase the tensile strength to 440 Mpa. a 40% increase over unmodified aIloys. Current research is predominantly aimed at the development of metal matrix composites. which have a high specific modulus. good wear resistance and a tailorable coefficient of thermal expnnsion. By controlling particle clustering and by engineering the ceramic/matrix interface in order to enhance sintering. very attractive properties can be achicved in the ns-sintered state. I\t an ils-sintered density ilpproaching 99%. these new experimental alloys hnve a modulus of 130 Gpa and an ultimate tensile strength of 212 Mpa in the T4 temper. In contest. unreinforcecl aluminum has a modulus of just 70 Gpa.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.285-293
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• 2016

The high velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF) thermal spray is a kind of surface modification techniques to produce the sprayed coating layer. This process is to form the coating layer after spraying the powder to molten or semi-molten state by the ultra-high speed at the high-temperature heat source and conflicting with a substrate. The efficiency of thermal spraying is dropped, however, because the semi-molten powder in a spray process become a factor that degrades the mechanical property by the formed pore within the coating layer. Therefore, it is necessary to melt completely the thermal spray powder in order to produce the coating layer with an optimal adhesive force. In this study, to improve the wear resistance, corrosion resistance and heat resistance, the plungers of high-speed and ultra-high pressure reciprocating hydraulic pumps used in ironworks are manufactured with STS $420J_2$ and are coated by the powders of WC-Co-Cr and WC-Cr-Ni including the WC of high hardness using a HVOF thermal sprayer developed in this laboratory. These are called by the surface-modified plungers. The surface roughness, hardness, and surface and cross-sectional microstructure of these two surface-modified and conventional ceramic plungers are measured and compared before operation with after operation for 100 days. It is found that the values of centerline average surface roughness and maximum height for conventional ceramic plunger are 9.5 to 10.8 and 5.2 to 5.7 times higher than those of surface-modified ones coated by WC-Co-Cr and WC-Cr-Ni because the fine tops and bottoms on surface roughness curve of conventional ceramic plunger are approximately 100 times higher than those of surface-modified ones. In addition, the pores and scratches in the surface microstructure are considerably formed in the order of conventional ceramic, WC-Cr-Ni and WC-Co-Cr surface-modified plungers. The greater the WC content of high hardness powder is less the change in the plunger surface.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2018

최근 무인기에 대한 관심과 수요가 높아지고 있는 가운데, 가동범위가 넓고 전략적으로 활용이 많은 고고도장기체공 무인기의 동력원개발이 연구 목표로 검토되었다. 기존 왕복동 엔진에 수소 연료를 적용하는 기술은 현행으로써 적용성이 용이하고 경제적이다. 수소는 중량당 에너지 밀도가 높아서 한 번 충전으로 장시간 운항을 지속할 수 있고 환경적인 측면에서도 무공해 연료라는 긍정적인 부분이 존재하기 때문에 적합하다고 평가된다. 하지만 현재 수소연료를 왕복동 엔진에 적용한 개발사례가 적은 편이라 향후 기술적으로 많은 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 항공기는 운항고도에 따라 공기밀도 저감으로 인한 냉각성능 저하 또는 복사열 감소에 의한 주변온도 강하로 과냉각이 될 수 있는 요인들이 존재한다. 따라서 본 실험은 냉각수온을 변화시켜서 이러한 주변온도 변화가 수소연료 엔진에 미치는 연소특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 역화에 의한 안정적인 운전 영역의 제한은 냉각수 온도변화에 의한 영향보다 공기과잉률에 의한 영향이 지배적으로 나타났으며, 냉각수 온도가 증가할 경우 충진효율이 감소하여 토크가 감소하고 냉각수 온도가 감소할 경우 열손실이 증가하여 열효율이 감소하였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 1983

유포자 유산균인 Lactobacillus sporogenes 가 특이하게 균체외 $\beta$-galactosidase를 다량 생산하는 것을 발견하여 효소생산을 위한 영양요구성과 배양조건을 조사하였다. 영양요구성으로는 탄소원으로서 lactose 1%, 유기질소원으로서 peptone 1.5%, 무기질소원으로서 ammonium sulfate 0.2%, phosphorus 원으로 ammonium phosphate, dibasic을 0.8%. mineral은 potassium chloride 0.05%, ferric chloride 0.001% 첨가했을 때 최대의 효소생산을 나타내었다. 배지의 최적 initial pH는 7.0, 최적배양온도는 37$^{\circ}C$, aeration효과는 500$m\ell$용 진탕 flask에 배지량을 50~200$m\ell$ 주입, 140 strokes/min (진폭 7cm)으로 진탕 배양하였을 때 최고의 효소생산을 나타냈다. 상기의 최적조건에서 균체증식은 24시간 배양에 최고에 달하는 반면 $\beta$-galactosidase 생산은 균체내 효소생산의 경우 균체증식 속도와 비례적으로 증가하여 배양 24시간 전후에서 30U/$m\ell$로 최고치를 나타내고 균체외 효소는 배양 40시간 전후 즉, 균증식의 후기 정지기에서 38U/$m\ell$로 가장 높은 효소생산량을 보였다. 또한 fermentor 실험 역시 flask배양과 거의 비슷한 배양 양상을 보였으며 균체외 효소역가는 45U/$m\ell$로 진탕 flask 배양 결과보다 다소 양호하였다.