• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.196-200
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• 2003

Purpose : To evaluate clinical outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in middle-aged patients and determine the factors affecting the outcome. Subjects and Methods : Clinical results obtained from 60 cases (60 patients) older than 40 years of age at the time of surgery and 58 cases (58 patients) younger than 40 years of age who underwent ACL reconstruction between August 1988 to January 2002, return to sports activity, and stress radiographs using Telos instrument were compared. Results : The Lysholm knee score was improved from the preoperative score of 54.0 points to the postoperative score of 92.9 in patients older than 40 years of age and was improved from 56.2 points to 92.2 points in patients younger than 40 years of age. Clinical outcome was excellent in 51 cases $(85\%)$ and good in 9 cases $(15\%)$ in patients olde. than 40 years of age and was excellent in 47 cases $(81.0\%)$ and good in 11 cases $(19.0\%)$ in patients younger than 40 years of age. There was a significant difference in the rate of returning to preoperative sports activity between patients older than 40 years of age ($60\%$, 36 cases) and younger than 40 years ($82.8\%$, 48 cases). According to Telos stress radiography, the preoperative difference of 11.2 mm was decreased to the postoperative difference of 3.1 mm in patients older than 40 years of age and the preoperative difference of 10.7 mm was decreased to the postoperative difference of 2.9 mm in patients younger than 40 years of age. Clinical outcome did not show significant correlation with age, gender, surgery method, the presence of additional injury, and the rate of return to sports activity before receiving injury (p>0.05). Conclusion : Age didn't have a significant influence on the final outcome of ACL reconstruction and good results could be obtained with ACL reconstruction even in middle-aged patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2003

Purpose : Cholestasis is a major complication in prolonged use of TPN, especially in the neonatal period, but there are few long-term reviews examining the clinical course in premature infants. Thus, in this study, we reviewed premature infants with TPN-associated cholestasis(TPNAC) to determine the incidence, clinical courses and possible risk factors. Methods : Retrospective review of 66 premature infants less than 2,000 gm of birth weight and on TPN for more than two weeks was performed. Cholestasis was defined as a serum direct bilirubin level greater than 2.0 mg/dL. The clinical course of cholestasis was described, and perinatal risk factors were evaluated. Results : TPNAC developed in 21 out of 66 infants(31.8%). The onset was $41.7{\pm}17.4days$ after receiving TPN, and the mean duration was $33.6{\pm}23.4days$. The incidence of TPNAC was significantly correlated with birth weight, and gestational age, and duration of TPN. But, possible etiologic factors, such as incidence of perinatal asphyxia or infection, showed no remarkable differences between infants with TPNAC and those without TPNAC(control). The enteral intake in the third postnatal week was significantly smaller in infants with TPNAC than in the control infants(P=0.033). Conclusion : The enteral intake in the third postnatal week was smaller in the infants with TPNAC than in the control infants. Thus, the incidence of TPNAC may be reduced by increasing the amount of oral intake during TPN in high risk infants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.210-214
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• 2010

Purpose : Cisplatin is highly effective for the treatment of solid tumors in children. However, the clinical use of cisplatin is limited by its ototoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ototoxicity in children treated with cisplatin. Method : We performed a single institution retrospective analysis of pediatric oncology patients who received cisplatin therapy between January 2001 and January 2008. Thirty-seven patients with sufficient medical and audiologic data were included in this study. Results : The median age at the time of diagnosis was 10.7 (range 3.8-6.7) years. There were 16 males and 21 females. The underlying diseases were osteosarcoma (15 cases), medulloblastoma (14 cases), germ cell tumors (7 cases), and hepatoblastoma (1 case). The median individual dose was $100mg/m^2$/cycle (56-200). The median cumulative dose was $480mg/m^2$ (200-1,490). Sixteen patients (43%) received cranial radiotherapy. Of the 37 patients, 17 developed hearing loss, leading to an overall incidence of 46%. Logistic regression showed that age at treatment (P =0.04) and cumulative dose of cisplatin (P =0.005) were the significant risk factors in predicting hearing loss in children treated with cisplatin. In all the patients who had hearing loss, there was neither improvement nor aggravation during the follow-up (3-8 months). Conclusion : The cumulative dose of cisplatin (>$500mg/m^2$) and younger age at treatment (<12 years) were 2 most important risk factors for ototoxicity in patients treated with cisplatin. Serial audiometric evaluations are needed in the patients with risk factors during and after cisplatin treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.184-189
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• 2010

Purpose : Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) occurs rarely in children, but its incidences are increasing due to frequent antibiotic use. We investigated the incidence and clinical characteristics of PMC accompanied by bacterial enteritis-like symptoms in children. Methods : Between November 2003 and July 2007 at the Department of Pediatrics, Dongsan Medical Center, we analyzed the medical records of consecutive patients who received antibiotics in the past 1 month, developed bacterial enteritis-like symptoms, and were diagnosed with PMC based on sigmoidoscopy examination and histological findings. Results : Among 22 patients who underwent sigmoidoscopy and biopsy examinations, 11 (50%) were diagnosed with PMC. These 11 patients were aged 2 months-12 years, among whom 5 patients (45.5%) were less than 1 year old. The clinical symptoms were bloody diarrhea (28.6%), abdominal pain or colic (28.6%), watery or mucoid diarrhea (23.8%), vomiting (9.5%), and fever (9.5%). The antibiotics used were penicillins (55.6%), macrolides (27.8%), cephalosporins (11.1%), and aminoglycosides (5.6%). The period of antibiotic use was 3-14 days. The interval between the initial antibiotic exposure and the onset of symptoms was 5-21 days. The results of stool examination of all patients were negative for Clostridium difficile toxin A. Patient distribution according to the degree of PMC was as follows: grade I, 18.2% (2 cases); grade II, 27.3% (3); grade III, 36.4% (4); and grade IV, 18.2% (2). PMC did not recur in any case.Conclusion : PMC is not a rare disease in children. If pediatric patients receiving antibiotics manifest symptoms like bacterial enteritis, PMC should be suspected. Endoscopy and biopsy should be applied as aggressive diagnostic approaches to detect this condition.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-76
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were to identify the contents and satisfaction level of the patients received home care service, and to compare the differences of the contents by the characteristics of the patients. Seventy eight patients received home care service from 1st Jan. to 30th Sept., 1996 were data-collected to analyze the contents and outcomes of home care service. Sixty-nine patients currently receiving home care service were participated to evaluate the satisfaction level of home care service. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, $x^2$ test, and ANOVA by SPSS $PC^+$ program. The findings of this study were as follow : 1. The contents & outcomes of home care service 1) The mean age of the subjects was 64.4 years: 58% of them were female. Those who living in Seoul were 83% and the rest of the subjects was living in Kyung-Gi. 2) The subjects who had one diagnosis were 41%. Over 60% of them had the disease of neurologic & sensory system. 3) The mean number of visit was 6. Only one visit was 22%. The mean time of care was 79 minutes. Duration of visit from 31 minutes to 60 minutes were 47 %. The subjects who terminated the visit because of death were 67.3%. 62% of the persons who referred them to the home care service were nurses. 4) The pain after the service was more relieved than before. The amounts of intake, the degree of bed sore, edema & fracture after the service were more improved than before. Health status after the service was improved in general. 5) There were significant differences between initial and last conscious level in tracheostomy care & oxygen inhalation care. There was significant difference between initial and last degree of activity in blood sugar check. 6) There were significant differences on the number of visit in assessment of the status, evaluation & observation, vital sign check, skin care, injection, medication, bed sore care, colostomy care, relaxation therapy for pain relief, patient education, family care, exercise therapy, position change, supply of disinfected equipments and infection control. There were significant differences on visiting time in nasogastric tube care, drainage tube care and oxygen inhalation care. 2. The satisfaction level of home care service 1) 50% were male. Over 60 years of the subjects was 61 %. Those who living in Seoul were 82%. 2) The subjects who had one or two diagnosis were 32% respectively. 55% of the persons who referred them to the home care service were nurses. 3) Total level of satisfaction of home care service was very high. 4) The older the age, the higher the satisfaction level. The larger the number of visit, the higher the satisfaction level. 5) The subjects who were in cloudy state were higher level of satisfaction than in alert or coma state. The subjects whose activity were normal or who needed assistance were higher level of satisfaction than bedridden or immobilized subjects. These findings suggested that the patients had substantial need for posthospital care. They tended to be elderly and to have experienced the wide range of health problems associated with aging, chronicity, including limitations in activities, and other serious health problems. So, the nationwide home care systems beyond the limit of demonstration program by local association and the development of the effective financial system of home based health care are necessary for the clients who are in need of home care.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1734-1740
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• 2001

Feeding trials using weanling pigs and broiler chicks were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different metal-amino acid chelates and complexes at various levels of copper and zinc on the performance and fecal excretions. A total of 200 weanling pigs (Large White ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, $11.20{\pm}0.81kg$) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments following a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were designated as : A-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 120 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, B-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-amino acid chelate (CAC) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-amino acid chelate (ZAC), C-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CAC and 120 ppm Zn from ZAC, D-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-lysine complex (CL) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-methionine complex (ZM), and E-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CL and 120 ppm Zn from ZM. On the other trial, 144 of one day old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 6 dietary treatments following a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 8 chicks per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1-diet with 60 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 40 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 2-diet with 120 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 80 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 3-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CAC and 40 ppm Zn from ZAC, 4-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CAC and 80 ppm Zn from ZAC, 5-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CL and 40 ppm Zn from ZM, and 6-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CL and 80 ppm Zn from ZM. In Exp. 1 with pigs, there was no difference on average daily gain and average daily feed intake observed among treatments. There was improvement (p<0.05) on the overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs fed diet containing 120 ppm Zn and 170 ppm Cu from metal-amino acid chelates relative to those fed diet containing inorganic sources of Cu and Zn but equally efficient as those fed diet containing metal-amino acid complexes. Pigs fed diet containing either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes as sources of Cu and Zn had higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum and lower (p<0.05) in feces than those receiving diet with inorganic sources. In Exp. 2 with broiler chicks, the overall FCR was not different among treatments. Higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum was obtained from birds fed diet with 60 ppm Cu and 40 ppm Zn from metal-amino acid chelates compared to those fed diet with inorganic sources of Cu and Zn. Also, the feces collected from birds fed diet with either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes contained generally lower Cu and Zn than those birds fed diet with inorganic sources. The higher the dietary level of Cu and Zn the higher the Cu and Zn concentration in the feces. Based on the results, both metal-amino acid chelates and complexes of Cu and Zn at low levels (Zn 60 ppm, Cu 85 ppm for weanling pigs and Zn 40 ppm, Cu 60 ppm for broiler chicks) are not different from that of high levels of inorganic sources in maintaining growth performance and serum concentration. The fecal excretions for Cu and Zn were greatly reduced when organic sources were used.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.104-120
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the hard and soft tissue changes associated with mandibular bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and genioplasty. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 40 patients who underwent either bilateral sagittal split osteotomy for mandibular setback (BSSO group, n = 20) or in combination with advancement genioplasty (Genio group, n = 20). Lateral radiographs, were taken before and immediately after surgery, and at least 6 months after surgery. Results: Comparing hard and soft tissue changes between the BSSO group and Genio group, there were significant differences in the lower incisor, soft tissue B point (B'), and soft tissue Pogonion (Pg') (p < 0.5). The mean ratio of hard and soft tissue changes for B/B', Pg/Pg', and Menton/soft tissue Menton after surgery in the BSSO group was 0.997, 0.965, and 1.022 respectively, and 0.824, 0.602, and 0.887 respectively in the genio group. Significant differences were found between the two groups. There were significant differences in lip thickness (B-B', Pg-Pg') in the Genioplasty group between pre and postsurgery, but not in the BSSO group. Pogonion to Labrale inferior and B' had a correlation coefficient of 0.833, 0.922, respectively for the BSSO group, and 0.775, 0.799 for the Genio group. Conclusions: The results indicate that there is a significant difference between bilateral sagittal split osteotomy with or without genioplasty in the lower facial esthetics values. The combination of mandibular setback and genioplasty had a smaller change in soft tissue thickness of the symphysis area after surgery than that of mandibular setback only.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.121-132
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• 2020

University Students go through the development process of expertise in a single field based on theoretical knowledge they have learned in the university. Their plans to develop their careers could lead to a shift in business as they choose to find jobs and start businesses throughout their lives. The attitude of career decision making process has been changed from learning in the form of receiving and memorizing existing knowledge to learning in a more proactive and autonomous manner, and there is a growing need for informal learning. In this study, the informal learning is investigated to clarify the impact on the employment competency and entrepreneurial intention. New implications are deduced by the introduction of start-up business to the traditional approach based on the employment ability. In addition, the importance of team-work has been increased in the field of eduction and business. The impact on the employment competency and entrepreneurial intention is studied based on the satisfaction level of team-based learning. Survey was conducted on 163 university students in North Chungcheong Province from March to June 2019 and the results of the study were summarized as follows. First, it has been confirmed that the informal learning of university students has a significant impact on their employment competency, but not on their entrepreneurial intention. Second, the employment competencies have perfect mediating effect on the informal learning and the entrepreneurial intention. Third, the satisfaction on the team-based learning did not have a significant impact on the employment competency of university students by informal learning, but it had a positive effect on the dependency between employment competency and entrepreneurial intention. In these days, start-up education at universities has been strengthened. Throughout this research, the need for informal learning is confirmed to enhance the employment competency and entrepreneurial intention of the university education program. In addition, team-based learning is introduced actively to utilize a variety of information from the university students.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.654-661
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate treatment tendency and dental caries occurrence after receiving insurance coverage for pit and fissure sealing. Data were obtained from statements for insurance payments received by the Daejeon branch health insurance review and assessment service from December 2009 until December 31 2014. As to the Pit and Fissure Sealing current state by year, there was most a lot of the number of examinee and the treatment number of teeth in 2010. The per capita average treatment number of teeth was highest (3.39) in 2013. As to the result that it analyze the first molar Pit and Fissure Sealing in 2010 according to the general feature, man was high than the woman, it showed up by age in the age of 7 most highly, and the summer was the highest among by season. The upper jaw left first molar was the most common location, although the upper jaw on the right side first molar, lower jaw right side first molar, and lower jaw left first molar were also affected. In 2010, the procedure was conducted more in the upper jaw right side first molar and enforces the recharge since 2011 to 2014, men were treated more than women, the recharge which is the most abundant in the age of 7 was performed by age, and the procedure was performed more during summer than in other seasons. It is forecasted that at August, 2015 most high demand shows according to the result that it predicts the tooth treatment number until December 2015 based upon the treatment number of teeth from December 2009 until November 2014 and be reduced in comparison with the year 2014. Thus, tooth brushing alone is not sufficient to prevent dental caries. Indeed, conducting pit and fissure sealing in infants and toddlers, as well as elementary middle and high school oral health centers is expected to be effective at preventing dental caries.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.318-326
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• 2016

This study was conducted to identify characteristics observed by staff during infertility treatment, and to analyze the relationship between the result of the treatment according to the ART infertility characteristics. In cooperation with an Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Ulsan, data were collected from 344 people receiving infertility treatment from 2012-1013 and evaluated by cross-analysis, logistic regression analysis, and the ${\chi}^2$ test. Age 30 subjects (72.1%), no disease (70.9%), and no birth children (77.0%) were most common among patients. Causes of infertility factor is the higher the age, followed by uterine factors, ovarian factors were the lower the age.Were assisted reproduction are IUI (51.5%), IVF (23.0%), IUI + IVF (25.6%), assisted reproduction were age (p<.013) infertility period (p<.014), abortion Experience (p<.008) it was not statistically significant. ART pregnancies result was 34.9%, IUI was 49.2%, IVF was 50.8%. The average number of successful IVF treatment was 1.64, while it was 1.36 for IVF. IVF is 0.28 times lower than the IUI. Thus, low in order to increase the success rate of pregnancy according to the assisted reproduction age, nanim period is short, and if you do not have birth children choose artificial fertilization, and high age, IVF If there are nanim period is longer and birth child treatment and you must choose. This study analyzed all subjects who underwent fertility treatment to have research significance. However, it is difficult to generalize, locally called Sun City limits. If this one based on regional and national follow-up study of infertility therapist made it will help to prepare the way of effective treatment for infertility causes.