• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2019

Background: Transforaminal epidural block (TFEB) is an effective treatment option for radicular pain. To reduce complications from intravascular injection during TFEB, use of imaging modalities such as real-time fluoroscopy (RTF) or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) has been recommended. In this study, we investigated whether DSA improved the detection of intravascular injection during TFEB at the whole spine level compared to RTF. Methods: We prospectively examined 316 patients who underwent TFEB. After confirmation of final needle position using biplanar fluoroscopy, 2 mL of nonionic contrast medium was injected at a rate of 0.5 mL/s under RTF; 30 s later, 2 mL of nonionic contrast medium was injected at a rate of 0.5 mL/s under DSA. Results: Thirty-six intravascular injections were detected for an overall rate of 11.4% using RTF, with 45 detected for a rate of 14.2% using DSA. The detection rate using DSA was statistically different from that using RTF (p=0.004). DSA detected a significantly higher proportion of intravascular injections at the cervical level than at the thoracic (p=0.009) and lumbar (p=0.011) levels. Conclusion: During TFEB at the whole spine level, DSA was better than RTF for the detection of intravascular injection. Special attention is advised for cervical TFEB, because of a significantly higher intravascular injection rate at this level than at other levels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.653-657
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• 2000

The paper describes the contents and results of the national project named "Development of Computer Integrated Product Design for Automation Equipment". It is focussed on the real-time control '||'&'||' monitoring of manufacturing process for automobile rubber parts. Automobile rubber parts industy is one of the typical process that high11 depends upon manufacturing facilities and equipments. So. it requires high cost and engineering technolog) on plant implementation. But most companies of rubber parts industries are small or mid companies that habe weak abilities for plant implementation properly and systematically. Therefore, for upgrading the levelof automation. it is necessar). to dekelope the computer based management and monitoring slsteni that enables to build-up the common base of automation and systemization. 'Through this project. we developed low cost real-time monitoring system for banbun mixing process '||'&'||' mold injection process of rubbcr parts manufacturing, that is composed with DDCU(Distributed Digital Control Unit),signal interfaces to gathering mon~toring terms and speciall\ developed functional sofhare including some algorithm for management '||'&'||' process monitoring

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of 0.25% and 0.5% levobupivacaine for real time ultrasound guided single-injection femoral nerve block for the patients who are undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods: Femoral nerve block was done to all patients with 20 ml of 0.9% normal saline on one leg and 20 ml of 0.25% levobupivacaine on the other leg for group I (n = 16) and 0.5% levobupivacaine for group II (n = 15) with 1:200,000 epinephrine and using real-time ultrasound and a nerve stimulator. The data concerning the verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) for each leg, the consumption of the intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) and the demands for the additional analgesics was collected at 0, 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the operation. Results: The legs on which femoral nerve block was done with levobupivacaine showed a lower VNRS score than the legs with normal saline in either group I or group II. The VNRS scores between the two legs, the consumption of the IV PCA and the demand for additional analgesics showed no significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that single-injection femoral nerve block using real-time ultrasound with either 0.25% levobupivacaine or 0.5% levobupivacaine 20 ml provides a good effect for the postoperative pain control after TKA.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.198-210
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• 1998

A crank angle-based engine control system has been developed for use as an engine research tool to provide precise control of the fuel injection(timing and duration) and ignition(timing and dwell) in real-time. The engine event information is provided by the engine shaft encoder, and the engine control system uses this information to generate spark and injector control signals for relevant cylinders. Eight different engine types and four different rotary encoder resolutions can be accommodated by this system. Also this system allows a user to individually control the ignition and fuel injection for each cylinder in a simple manner such as through a keyboard or in a real-time operation from a closed-loop control program.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.17-24
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• 2001

In order to investigate a characteristic of the behavior of spray pattern in accordance with running conditions for a DI diesel engine, the PLN Injection system with changeable revolution speed of fuel injection cam was set up, and through this, history curves of injection pressure for a similar real DI diesel engine were able to be displayed. Authors visualized and analyzed the sprays at various revolution speed of fuel injection cam, and found out that fuel distributions of the sprays in the low speed condition were bad, fuel with air was injected from the hole of nozzle at the beginning of injection, and wide spray angle at the early stage of injection became narrower with elapsed time, but wider again at the end of injection.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2009

Calculation of indicated mean effective pressure(IMEP) requires high cylinder pressure sampling rate and heavy computational load. Because of that, it is difficult to implement in a conventional electronic control unit. In this paper, a cylinder pressure based real-time IMEP estimation method is proposed for controller implementation. Crank angle at 10-bar difference pressure($CA_{DP10}$) and cylinder pressure difference between $60^{\circ}$ ATDC and $60^{\circ}$ BTDC($DP_{deg}$) are used for IMEP estimation. These pressure variables can represent effectively start of combustion(SOC) and fuel injection quantity respectively. The proposed IMEP estimation method is validated by transient engine operation using a common-rail direct injection diesel engine.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.123-128
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• 2018

When the injection molding system molds some plastic products, defective product rate will be increased if plastic materials have some excessive moisture content. Therefore, it is very important to control the dehumidification and drying of plastic material. Since the moisture content of the plastic material may change from time to time depending on the material and the molding process, it is necessary to observe the change in real time and maintain a constant moisture content. To solve these problems, I proposed a smart factory system model for plastic molding in this paper. In addition, I designed the interface module to be installed in the dehumidifying dryer which is the core of this process. In addition to this, performance tests were conducted to check the effectiveness and the results were verified as valid.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2013

Chicken-type lysozyme (c-lysozyme) is present in shrimp and is active against some bacteria. To further understand the regulation of c-lysozyme in the fleshy shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis, we determined the tissue-specific gene expression of c-lysozyme and the time-course of mRNA expression in response to Vibrio anguillarum and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection by quantitative reverse real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that c-lysozyme was expressed in all tissues tested, including gill, eyestalk, eye, hemocytes, hepatopancreas, intestine, heart, and pleopod. It was most highly expressed in the intestine followed by the eyestalk, gill, hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The mRNA expression level began to decline in a short time after V. anguillarum challenge and was then upregulated by two fold or more at 24 h post injection (hpi) compared to that at 0 h. Expression was suppressed shortly after LPS injection and began to increase with higher levels of 5.8-, 5.2- and 8.4-fold at 24, 48, and 72 hpi, respectively. Higher expression was sustained and showed a gradual increasing trend until the end of the experiment (72 hpi). These results increase our understanding of the regulation of defense mechanisms and facilitate an evaluation of the effects of probiotics or immunostimulants in shrimp culture.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.115-120
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• 2010

The reduction rate of fuel consumption by showing the fuel injection data for driver was measured in this study. The fuel injection data are composed of injection period, real time fuel economy and average fuel economy. The fuel consumption was measured by processing the voltage signal of injector and driven distance by GPS sensor. The fuel consumption was reduced by driving more carefully, i.e driving more steady without sudden acceleration and deceleration watching these fuel injection data. The reduction rate was up to 37% and the rate increased as the driver is customed to this driving pattern.

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.4-5
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• 2017