• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2012

This study sought to compare breath competence in three different utterance conditions when reading a passage aloud, making a spontaneous speech, and singing. We tested 15 normal females (ages averaging $24{\pm}4.4$) and measured breath competence through an objective, aero-mechanical instrument called PAS (Phonatory aerodynamic system, model 6600, KAY Electronics, Inc). Breathing sets of inspiration and expiration were measured by breath group number, breath group duration, and the ratio of inspiration to expiration. The results from this study led us to the following conclusion: The breath group number and the breath group duration showed no significant difference. However, the only variance that we could find was in the ratio of inspiration and expiration. In significantly different speech patterns, singing resulted in the most varied ratio of inspiration and expiration, followed by reading a text aloud, and spontaneous speech. The average frequency rates and maximum intensity levels varied with regards to varying utterance conditions. This thus shows that breath competence and phonation competence have a closely interrelated relationship.

• Language and Information
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.59-79
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• 2014

This paper aims at exploring the processing mechanism of filler-gap dependency resolution and feature checking in Korean wh-constructions. Based on their findings on Japanese sentence processing, Aoshima et al. (2004) have argued that the parser posits a gap in the embedded clause in head-final languages, unlike in head-initial languages, where the parser posits a gap in the matrix clause. In order to verify their findings in the Korean context, and to further explore the mechanisms involved in processing Korean wh-constructions, the present study replicated the study done by Aoshima et al., with some modifications of problematic areas in their original design. Sixty-four Korean native speakers were presented Korean sentences containing a wh-phrase in four conditions, with word order and complementizer type as the two main factors. The participants read sentences segment-by-segment, and the reading times at each segment were measured. The reading time analysis showed that there was no such slowdown at the embedded verb in the scrambled conditions as observed in Aoshima et al. Instead, there was a clear indication of the wh-feature checking process in terms of a major slowdown at the relevant region.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.325-353
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• 2016

The visual span refers to the number of letters that can be accurately recognized without moving one's eyes. The size of the visual span is affected by sensory factors such as perimetric complexity, crowding, and mislocation of letters. Korean Hangul utilizes rather unique alphabetic-syllabary writing system, quite different from English and Chinese writing systems. Due to this combinatorial nature of the script, the visual span for Hangul characters can also be affected by the letter type (e.g., CV vs CVCC). The present study examined the effect of syllable complexity on the visual span for Hangul by comparing letter recognition accuracy across four letter type conditions (C only, CV, CVC, and CVCC). We also aimed to determine the meaningful letter type(s) that is associated with differences in reading abilities in Korean. Using a trigram presentation method, we found that overall recognition accuracy declined as syllable complexity increased. However, the visual span for CVC type was greater than that for CV type, suggesting that the effect is not necessarily linear, and that there might be other factors affecting the visual span for these types of letters. C and CV type showed fairly strong positive correlations with reading comprehension, suggesting that these might be the meaningful units for measuring visual span in relating to reading abilities.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2010

The study was conducted to analyze the tag reading and box recognition performance of a gate-type RFID system using the UHF band to detect containers of red pepper. The reading rate of tags attached to container boxes was higher as tags were closer to antennas and the number of antennas was increased. Under optimal conditions, the reading rate was 100% and the range of distance from a carton to an antenna was 1-4 meters. When tags were attached to two sides of a box, the reading rate was lower when the tags were attached at the front and side. This was caused by data collision problems between tags. The reading rate of tags was 71.1-77.8% and the reading rate of red pepper boxes was 97.8-100.0% when the distance between the pallet under the boxes and four units of antennas was 5 meters or less, and when tags were attached at the front and side of boxes.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.209-231
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• 2015

The main purpose of this study is to develop and apply a means of connecting reading movement and Newspaper In Education (NIE) activities utilizing the voluntary participation and cooperation of local school districts and autonomous government entities. This is necessary to revitalize or systematize the environmental social life of reading newspapers and NIE activity. Literary or inquiry research will be initiated in this study in order to quantify the current or actual conditions of this connection, delineating the basic objectives of this study, and determining the developmental directions for continuing this study as related to the connection of reading movement and NIE activity. Anticipated study activities or major tasks are as follows. First, develop a variety of intended programs and learning materials necessary for each. Secondly, develop and establish corresponding online data and educational programs. Thirdly, a "cooperation" system must be established and training programs implemented reinforcing these ideas. And, lastly (and to gain wider acceptance), starting a public relations campaign to show or illustrate the benefits of this study and these intended research activities. In conclusion, if a connection between reading movement and NIE activity are fully established and periodically adjusted by means of continuing discussions on the merits or concerns based on the study findings, the full potential of the reading movement connection with NIE activity will be realized and achieved to its truest meaning and/or highest order.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.390-398
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was aimed at providing basic data for developing a nursing intervention program which enables systematic and correct visual acuity care by discovering out visual acuity conditions, prevalence rate of myopia, and the factors related to myopia with Preschool children. Method: The subjects of this study consisted of 519 children between 3 and 6 years of age from 12 kindergartens in Seoul which were selected through multiple cluster sampling. Myopia was defined as the spherical equivalent (SE) of more than -0.5 diopters (D) in the right eye. The data was analyzed by t-test, 2-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression by using the SAS program. Result: The prevalence rate of myopia was $8.7\%$. the odds ratio of child myopia when one parent had myopia was 2.2 times higher than when neither parent had myopia. The odds ratio of child myopia when reading more than three books per week was 0.27 times higher than reading less than three books. Conclusion: Myopia should be continuously and intensively managed from the age of 3.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.127-143
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• 2002

The author describes the reasons why fantasy literature is more useful for reading guidance than realistic fiction. The activities of the human brain are in accordance with the activities of creating fantastic stories. She explains that the characteristics of creativity. according to the findings of psychologists and neuroscientists, are inherent in the activities of the human brain which is integrating information. These properties of information integrating are strongly immanent in fantasy literature. Fantasy literature provides the brains of readers with opportunities to integrate information because of its heterogeneity, for fantasy literature includes both realistic and unrealistic characters and settings comparable to those of realistic fiction. Also fantasy literature appeals to the curiosity and interest of young people, so students easily pay attention to it. Therefore, the author recommends that teacher-librarians use fantasy literature for reading guidance for students. In order to achieve successful reading guidance at school libraries, the author recommends the following. 1) A school library should have teacher-librarians who are well grounded in literature. 2) School authorities should elevate the teacher-librarian’s status to the same level as that of other teachers and create conditions such that teacher-librarians can best carry out their responsibilities. 4) It is necessary that a variety of lesson plans be developed for use by teacher-librarians.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-53
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to analyze word frequency effects on eye fixation duration in Korean reading with a one-boundary diffusion model and to show how these phenomena differ between adults (20-28yrs) and adolescents (13-14yrs). We predicted that the drift rate parameter in the boundary diffusion model would reflect the information processing of the fovea during silent reading. Through an eye movement tracking experiment while controlling word properties such as the word frequency and the age of acquisition, Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 show that the information processing pertaining to words to be placed in the fovea is connected to the drift rate of the one-boundary diffusion model parameters. In Experiment 1,in the adult group, the mean difference in the fixation time in the response proportion between the presence of high-frequency condition and low-frequency condition in the adult group was higher in quantile 0.9 than it was in the 0.1 quantile, but in the adolescent group, the mean difference in the fixation time in the response proportion between the two conditions was not significantly in the 0.9 quartile.In Experiment 2, the mean difference in the fixation time in the response proportion between early-acquired condition and late-acquired condition in both groups was also higher in the quantile 0.9 than in the 0.1 quantile. The distribution of the two conditions in the both groups was positively skewed, and the difference showed the same pattern found in the results of Ratcliff(Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008). Based on the experimental results, we propose one-boundary diffusion model as a tool to explain word property effects and individual differences in reading. In particular, we suggest that the drift rate parameter in the boundary diffusion model reflects the information processing of the fovea during reading. In addition, the results show that one-boundary diffusion model can be used to predict the aforementioned phenomena in reading.

• Language and Information
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• v.1
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• pp.67-105
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• 1997

This paper investigates the semantics of English there existential sentences. By examining discourse functions and pragmatic facts, it accounts for semantic facts which have not been discussed elsewhere. Further, it is a new attempt to incorporate information-theoretic notions into formal semantics. I propose that existential statements as expressing Austinian propositions. The proposed meanings account for the fact that post-copular NPs cannot constitute the restruction of an adverb of quantification nor admit a partitive reading.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of contiguity and reading mode on cognitive load factors measured by Galvanic Skin Response(GSR). In this study two experimental conditions were imposed to participants to measure cognitive load with the high contiguity picture and low contiguity picture. Thirty-four college students participated to this experiment(experiment group=17, control group=17), and spilt-plot factorial design was applied to control individual difference in galvanic skin response. Tasks of this experiment were reading and summary. The dependent variables were skin conductance response, and perceived difficulty. The independent variables were the degree of contiguity of visual material(high contiguity vs. low contiguity). The major result of this study was identification of a significant difference of GSR with low contiguity condition. Indeed it was identified that more complex reading condition required more cognitive loads. This finding supported that different cognitive process might require different amounts of cognitive loads. For the further research, this study discussed the validity of applying physiological signals to assess cognitive loads and relationships the associated affective reactions.