• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.657-670
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• 2012

Background: Today, numerous telematics technologies, i.e., technologies developed by integrating telecommunications with information processing, are applied in vehicles. One such developmental application of this technology to vehicles is to increase the safety or convenience of drivers by providing them with necessary information such as warnings and information on emergencies and traffic situations. However, under certain conditions, there is a high probability of traffic accidents if the driving workload is high. Nowadays, the navigation system is frequently used in the vehicles, this system provides various information including route to the driver. But, the existing navigation systems are not only considered a driver's reaction but also provide unilaterally to the information regardless of them. Such one-side information service type may miss important information to the driver. In addition, it sometimes interferes safety driving. Objective: To solve this problem, the intelligent navigation system needs to the providing way that it checks the driver's reactions after providing information. Namely, if the driver passes the information received from the navigation, then the intelligent system provides more loudly and more frequently. Method: Therefore, in this study we introduce the intelligent navigation system that it automatically controls modality type and its strength when the driver misses or overlooks the information for their safety and entertainment and we analyze the driver's cognitive responses about the modality type and its strength. Results: To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system, we analyzed the reaction time and driving workload for each type of the information, modality and its strength. Also we evaluated the users' subjective satisfaction and understanding based on a questionnaire.

• International Journal of Safety
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.14-17
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• 2005

Recycled polyol was obtained by glycolysis of MDI-based Polyurethane(PU) rigid foam. The chemical structure of the recycled pclyol was confirmed by GC(gas chromatography) and 1H-NMR. The recycled polyol throughout the glycolysis contained liquid polyol and methylenedianiline(MDA). MDA which could cause liver cancer is carcinogenic material. TWA(Time Weighted Average.) amount for MDA in MSDS(Material Safety Data Sheets) was confined less than 0.1 ppm. The melting temperature of MDA is $92^{\circ}C$, and boiling temperature is $398^{\circ}C$. During the gylcolysis most of MDA was dissolved in liquid polyol. The probability that MDA diffuses into the atmosphere is low but there could be an absorption of MDA into skin. Furthermore because MDA is amine compound, recycled polyol which contained MDA had a difficulty in reaction control of polyurethane. Therefore reduction of MDA amount was needed strongly. In this study the elimination of MDA were performed through deamination of the recycled polyol by glycidyl ether compounds. As glycolysis was proceeded, the amount of MDA was 9.8 wt % at early stage and increased up to 14.0 wt % after 8 hours reaction. It was found that 2-Ethylhexyl glycidyl ether which contains aliphatic moiety was very effective compound for eliminating the primary aromatic amine compound :md the optimal mole ratio of 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether to MAD was 3. The final polyol after deamination by 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether has an appropriate viscosity(less than 500 centi poise) for polyurethane reaction.

• 감성과학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2014

대부분의 인지적 과제에서 관찰되는 반응시간 자료의 분포는 정적으로 편포되어 나타남에도 불구하고, 반응시간을 종속측정치로 하는 대다수의 연구들은 표본 평균에 근거한 집중경향치 분석에 의존한다. 본 연구에서는 반응시간 자료의 분포특성에 분석의 초점을 맞추어 실험적 처치의 효과를 구체적으로 추론하는 방법을 소개하였다. 평균 반응시간의 변화는 그 분포상 가우시안 및 지수 분포가 혼합된 형태로 나타난다고 가정할 수 있으며, 최대우도 추정법에 근거한 ex-Gaussian 모형 검증을 통해 반응시간 분포 특성을 수치화된 파라미터로 산출하고 확률밀도함수를 구현할 수 있다. 분석 사례를 위해 두 가지 고전적 시각탐색과제에서 얻어진 반응시간 자료를 사용하였으며, ex-Gaussian 함수를 통해 탐색배열의 항목개수의 증가가 초래하는 평균 반응시간의 지연효과에 대한 해석을 시도하였다. 수리적 모형을 통한 반응시간 분포 분석은 고전적 집중경향치 분석의 한계를 넘어 반응시간을 활용한 다양한 이론 및 개인차 연구에서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2011

감성 행동을 표현하는 것은 인간 친화 로봇의 필수 요소 중 하나이다. 하지만 감성 행동은 로봇의 목적이나 사양에 따라서 달라지기 때문에 감성 행동을 생성하고 표현하는 방법은 로봇마다 다르다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 로봇의 목적이나 사양에 상관없이 다양한 인간 친화 로봇에 적용될 수 있는 감성 행동 생성 방법을 제안한다. 먼저 감성 행동 생성 방법의 입력 값으로 다중 감정값을 이용한다. 다중 감정 공간을 이용하여 각 감정이 독립적으로 존재할 수 있기 때문에 로봇의 목적에 따라 사용하고자 하는 감정을 취사선택할 수 있다. 로봇의 사양에 따라서 표현할 수 있는 방법이 다르므로, 로봇의 표현 부위를 나누고, 각 표현 부위별로 표현할 수 있는 행동을 데이터화한다. 이렇게 나누어진 행동들을 단위 행동이라고 정의하며, 각 단위 행동이 표현할 수 있는 감정에 대한 반영도를 결정한다. 그리고 이를 이용하여 주어진 다중 감정값에 최적화된 단위 행동 조합을 결정한다. 이 과정을 사양과 목적이 다른 사이버 로봇 시뮬레이터, 3D 캐릭터 헤드 로봇, 기계적인 설계 기반의 헤드 로봇 등에 적용함으로써 제안한 방법의 범용성을 실험한다.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.1203-1209
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• 2018

Background/Aims: Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an appreciably harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product. The present study was conducted in order to monitor the frequency and severity of ADR during antimicrobial therapy of septicemia. Methods: A prospective, observational, and noncomparative study was conducted over a period of 6 months on patients of septicemia admitted at a university hospital. Naranjo algorithm scale was used for causality assessment. Severity assessment was done by Hartwig severity scale. Results: ADRs in selected hospitalized patients of septicemia was found to be in 26.5% of the study population. During the study period, 12 ADRs were confirmed occurring in 9, out of 34 admitted patients. Pediatric patients experienced maximum ADRs, 44.4%. Females experienced a significantly higher incidence of ADRs, 66.7%. According to Naranjo's probability scale, 8.3% of ADRs were found to be definite, 58.3% as probable, and 33.3% as possible. A higher proportion of these ADRs, 66.7% were preventable in nature. Severity assessment showed that more than half of ADRs were moderate. Teicoplanin was found to be the commonest antimicrobial agent associated with ADRs, followed by gemifloxacin and ofloxacin. Conclusions: The incidence and severity of ADRs observed in the present study was substantially high indicating the need of extra vigilant during the antimicrobial therapy of septicemia.

• 인지과학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.357-375
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• 2015

일상생활에서의 시각탐색의 대상이 되는 표적 사물의 출현 가능성 즉 출현 확률은 매우 낮은 경우부터 높은 경우까지 다양하다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 실험실 상황의 시각 탐색 연구에서 표적의 출현 확률은 대개 50%의 확률로 고정되는 경우가 대부분이다. 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 표적 출현확률의 영향 하에 시각탐색 과정에서의 정보처리 특성을 조사하였다. 지각적으로 단순한 도형자극으로 구성된 시각탐색과제가 실시되었으며, 탐색 표적이 제시되는 빈도를 저빈도(20%)와 중립빈도(50%), 또는 고빈도(80%)로 달리함으로써 표적 출현확률이 탐색 정보처리 책략에 미치는 영향을 탐색 정확도, 신호탐지 측정치 그리고 반응시간 차원에서 조사하였다. 실험 결과, 표적이 드물게 출현할수록 실수율이 증가하고 헛경보율이 감소했으며 반대로 고빈도 표적탐색에서는 역전된 패턴이 관찰되었다. 신호탐지 분석 결과, 이러한 결과는 민감도가 아닌 탐색 반응기준의 이동에 의한 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 반응시간 차원에서, 표적 있음 시행에서의 적중 반응은 출현확률과 관계없이 일정했던 반면 표적 없음 시행에 대한 정확한 기각 반응은 출현확률에 비례해 지연된 것이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 표적이 빈번하게 출현할수록 표적 없음 상황에서 탐색을 종료하기 위한 탐색 역치 기준이 보수적이었음을 의미한다. 본 연구의 결과는 표적 출현확률 효과가 단순히 반응편향에 따른 속도-정확도 교환이 아닌 의사결정 기준의 변화에 기초한 상이한 탐색 정보처리 과정의 산물임을 시사한다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.328-332
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• 2012

Etch rates of Si and high purity SiC have been compared for various fluorocarbon plasmas. The relative plasma resistance of SiC, which is defined as the etch rate ratio of Si to SiC, varied between 1.4 and 4.1, showing generally higher plasma resistance of SiC. High resolution X-ray photoelectron analysis revealed that etched SiC has a surface carbon content higher than that of etched Si, resulting in a thicker fluorocarbon polymer layer on the SiC surface. The plasma resistance of SiC was correlated with this thick fluorocarbon polymer layer, which reduced the reaction probability of fluorine-containing species in the plasma with silicon from the SiC substrate. The remnant carbon after the removal of Si as volatile etch products augments the surface carbon, and seems to be the origin of the higher plasma resistance of SiC.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2001

Instantaneous, three-dimensional scalar dissipation rates of the reaction progress variable are measured in turbulent premixed Bunsen flames of lean hydrocarbon/air mixtures with the two-sheet, two-dimensional Rayleigh scattering technique. The flames investigated are located in the turbulent flame-front regime on a newly proposed combustion diagram for premixed flames. The conditionally-averaged mean scalar dissipation rates, $N_{\zeta}$ are found to be lower than the calculated laminar values, indicating a locally broadened flame front. In agreement with previous measurements, the maximum of $N_{\zeta}$, decreases strongly with increasing Karlovitz numbers. The conditional probability density functions are close to a log-normal distribution for scalar dissipation rates conditioned at the progress variable value where the scalar dissipation is maximum in unstretched laminar flame calculations. The time scale for the Favre-averaged mean scalar dissipation rate decreases in general across the turbulent flame brush from the unburnt to burnt side.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.191-206
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• 2010

Windborne debris is a major cause of structural damage during severe windstorms and hurricanes owing to its direct impact on building envelopes as well as to the 'chain reaction' failure mechanism it induces by interacting with wind pressure damage. Estimation of debris risk is an important component in evaluating wind damage risk to residential developments. A debris risk model developed by the authors enables one to analytically aggregate damage threats to a building from different types of debris originating from neighboring buildings. This model is extended herein to a general debris risk analysis methodology that is then incorporated into a vulnerability model accounting for the temporal evolution of the interaction between pressure damage and debris damage during storm passage. The current paper (Part I) introduces the debris risk analysis methodology, establishing the mathematical modeling framework. Stochastic models are proposed to estimate the probability distributions of debris trajectory parameters used in the method. It is shown that model statistics can be estimated from available information from wind-tunnel experiments and post-damage surveys. The incorporation of the methodology into vulnerability modeling is described in Part II.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.282-290
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• 1994

In this research, the organic salt [RCOOH] Br with long alkyl-chain was synthesized, and the organophilic [RCOOH]-Montmorillonite was formed by cation-exchange-reaction between Na-Montmorillonite and synthesized organic salt [RCOOH] Br. After drying of the organophilic [RCOOH]-Montmorillonite at $65^{\circ}C$ in high vaccum, the experiments for the probability of forming its complexes with various swelling-solutions as dist, water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, toluene and n-decanol were performed, and the corresponding basal spacings obtained were 17.44$\AA$, 31.86$\AA$, 34.38$\AA$, 30.37$\AA$, 32.39$\AA$, 35.04$\AA$, 14.16$\AA$ and 14.63$\AA$ respectively.