• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

Background: This study was to examine the effect of applying leg exercise using visual informations on improving stroke patient's muscle power, balance and gait. Methods: The subjects of this study were hemiplegic patients by stroke, 30 patients were picked up, who were agreed with this research and were having hospital care for 8 weeks at RS, RB and HH medical centers. The study group was 15 and comparison group was 15, totally 30 patients were confirmed. leg exercise using visual informations was applied to study group, leg exercise without visual informations was applied to comparison group. These were proceeded for 8 weeks (5 days a week, 20 minutes a day), change of muscle power, balance and gait was checked to investigate the effect. Electromyography apparatus was used for checking muscle power, K-BBS (Korean version of Berg Balance Scale) and COP (center of pressure) were used for balance, then Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), timed up and go test (TUG) were used for checking the capacity of gait. Results: Vastus lateralis (p=.002), biceps femoris (p=.000), K-BBS (p=.000), COP (p=.007), FGA (p=.002), TUG (p=.009) are significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: This study showed that visual informations impact change of muscle activity, balance and locomotor ability in stroke patients.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.392-397
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• 2015

Background: Red ginseng (RG) is processed from Panax ginseng via several methods including heat treatment, mild acid hydrolysis, and microbial conversion to transform the major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides, which have greater pharmaceutical activities. During the fermentation process using microbial strains in a machine for making red ginseng, a change of composition occurs after heating. Therefore, we confirmed that fermentation had occurred using only microbial strains and evaluated the changes in the ginsenosides and their chemical composition. Methods: To confirm the fermentation by microbial strains, the fermented red ginseng was made with microbial strains (w-FRG) or without microbial strains (n-FRG), and the fermentation process was performed to tertiary fermentation. The changes in the ginsenoside composition of the self-manufactured FRG using the machine were evaluated using HPLC, and the 20 ginsenosides were analyzed. Additionally, we investigated changes of the reducing sugar and polyphenol contents during fermentation process. Results: In the fermentation process, ginsenosides Re, Rg1, and Rb1 decreased but ginsenosides Rh1, F2, Rg3, and Compound Y (C.Y) increased in primary FRG more than in the raw ginseng and RG. The content of phenolic compounds was high in FRG and the highest in the tertiary w-FRG. Moreover, the reducing sugar content was approximately three times higher in the tertiary w-FRG than in the other n-FRG. Conclusion: As the results indicate, we confirmed the changes in the ginsenoside content and the role of microbial strains in the fermentation process.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 1996

Calcite(CaCO3) single crystals were grown hydrothermally and transmittance of as grown crystals was measured. Instead of platinium, teflon was lined onto the wall of autoclave to prevent the corrosion of autoclave wall by acidic NH4Cl solution. Spontaneous nucleation and growth of calcite crystal on teflon was reduced considerably by addition of NaCl and /or CH3COOH and applying low temperature gradient. When the temperature gradient exceeded to a few degrees from the critical temperature gradient(6-7℃), spontaneous nucleation and growth was rapidly increased in any hydrothermal solutions. Precise temperature control is thought to be the most important factor for the growth of calcite single crystal by hydrothermal technique. As grown calcite single crytal showed high transmittance compared to natural one by UV-visible analysis.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.469-475
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a cotreatment of bamboo concentrates (Jukcho solution; 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mL/kg) with the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel on the bioavailability of orally administered paclitaxel (50 mg/kg) in rats. The effect of a pretreatment of bamboo concentrates (1.5 and 3.0 mL/kg for 1.0 h or a consecutive 3 day) was also examined. The paclitaxel plasma concentrations of rats orally administered paclitaxel plus bamboo concentrates (coadministration, 3.0 mL/kg and pretreatment, 1.5 and 3.0 mL/kg) were significantly higher than those of rats treated with paclitaxel alone. Plasma concentrations of paclitaxel in groups pretreated with bamboo concentrates for 3 day were markedly higher than those of a paclitaxel control group at the measured time points. The areas under plasma concentration-time curves (AUCs) of paclitaxel in groups pretreated with bamboo concentrates were elevated and the absolute bioavailability ($AB\%$) and relative bioavailability ($RB\%$) of paclitaxel were also significantly higher than those in the control group. The peak concentration ($C_{max}$), half-life ($t_{1/2}$), and the elimination rate constant ($K_{el}$) of paclitaxel after 3 day of pretreatment with bamboo concentrates were also significantly higher than those in the control, but the time required to reach the maximum plasma concentration ($T_{max}$) of paclitaxel was unaffected by the bamooo concentrates. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the level of CYP3A4 was increased in the livers of rats treated orally with paclitaxel, but this was reversed by pretreating with bamboo concentrates. These results show that bamboo concentrates enhance the bioavailability of orally administered paclitaxel and this effect may be associated with a diminished expression of CYP3A4 in the liver.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2011

세계 기후 변화와 불안정한 유가 변화에 대응하고 국내산업의 저탄소 녹색성장을 위해 신재생에너지 개발이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 해양에너지 중에서 조류발전은 대규모 댐을 건설할 필요가 없어 비용이 적게 소요되고 특히 날씨 변화나 계절에 관계가 없고, 발전량이 예측 가능하므로 신뢰성 있는 에너지원으로 적용이 가능하다. 조류발전기 블레이드에 폴리머계 복합재료와 스테인리스강이 대부분인데, 이 재료는 특정 회사에서만 제작 가능하며, 충격에 약하고, 균열전파 속도가 빠르며, 대단히 고가이며, 수입에 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 조류발전에 사용되는 블레이드는 가혹한 부식, 캐비테이션 그리고 침식환경에 노출되어 있어 내구성이 우수한 제품개발이 대단히 중요하며, 조류발전 블레이드를 동합금으로 제작시, 내식성이 뛰어나며 구리의 특성상 해양생물 서식을 방지할 수 있고, 내캐비테이션 특성, 내구성, 가공성 및 유지보수가 용이한 장점이 있다. 이러한 동합금에 WC-27NiCr와 WC-10Co4Cr를 초고속 화염용사(HVOF)를 이용하여 코팅층의 캐비테이션 특성 및 전기화학적 거동을 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 조류발전용 블레이드의 재료로 사용하려는 동합금에 WC-27NiCr와 WC-10Co4Cr이 용사코팅된 시험편을 사용하였다. 다채널 부식시험기인 WonA-tech WMPG-1000을 이용하여, 자연전위를 측정하였으며, 분극실험은 자체 제작한 홀더를 사용하여 $0.3318cm^2$를 노출 시켜 실험하였다. 기준전극은 은/염화은 전극을, 대극은 백금 전극을 사용하였다. 양분극과 음분극 실험을 통해 개로전위에서의 부식거동을 확인하였고, 정전위 실험도 실시하였다. 실험 종료 후 3D현미경 및 전자주사현미경(SEM)을 사용하여 코팅층 표면의 손상거동을 관찰하였다. 캐비테이션 실험은 ASTM-G32 규정에 의거하여 압전효과를 용한 진동발생 장치(RB 111-CE)를 사용하였다. 수조는 전기화학적 부식의 영향을 고려하여 아크릴로 제작하였고, 시험편은 실험장비에 맞게 파인커팅머신을 이용하여 $20mm{\times}20mm$로 절단하여 사용하였으며 혼과 대향하도록 하여 1mm 간격을 두어 실험하였다. 실험 실시 전, 미소전자저울을 사용하여 무게감소량을 측정하였으며 표면관찰을 통하여 캐비테이션 거동을 관찰하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.79-79
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• 2011

water cavitation peening(WCP)은 water jet 과정으로 인한 cavitation이 발생할 때, 금속표면 cavitation 현상에 의해 재료표면의 잔류응력과 경도 등의 물성을 변화시키게 되며, 그로 인해 생긴 잔류 응력으로 재료의 내구성 및 수명을 향상시키는 기술이다. 최근에는 water jet을 이용한 장치들이 건설 분야, 일반기계분야, 컷팅 공정, 분쇄 등 다양한 분야에서도 사용되고있다. 그러나 water jet을 이용한 peening은 소개 된지 20여년이 경과했음에도 불구하고 연구 및 개발 내용은 shot peening에 비해 아직 초기 단계이다. water cavitation peening은 기존의 피닝 방법의 단점을 보완 할 뿐만 아니라 환경적인 측면에서도 그 가치가 크다. 아직은 다른 peening 기법 보다 잔류압축응력 부가 측면에서 그 효과가 떨어지지만, water cavitation peening은 열에 영향을 받는 영역이 생성되지 않으며, 기계의 표면 가공을 하는 동안 어떤 미세한 먼지도 생성하지 않아 친환경적이다. 또한 복잡한 외형을 가지는 부품 및 내면에 적용성이 뛰어나고, 표면 정밀도 저하가 낮다는 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 조류발전용 블레이드의 재료로 사용하려는 동합금에 대하여 증류수 내에서 water cavitation peening 시간, 거리, 파형 등의 변수를 적용하여 최적 조건을 찾고, 다양한 전기화학적 실험을 실시하였으며, water cavitation peening 부의 부식특성을 평가 하였다. ASTM-G32 규정에 의거하여 압전효과를 용한 진동발생 장치(RB 111-CE)를 이용하여 동합금 표면에 water cavitation peening을 실시하고, 실험 후 표면의 손상거동을 관찰하기 위하여 3D현미경 및 전자주사현미경(SEM)을 사용하였다. 물성치 변화를 확인하기 위하여 SHIMADZU사의 HVM-2 Model의 비커스 경도기를 이용하여 표면 경도값을 측정하였다. 전기화학실험은 각 3회 이상 실시하였으며, Tafel 분석결과로 부식전류밀도와 부식전위의 평균, 부식전위를 알 수 있었고, 음분극 실험결과, 용존산소 환원반응에 의한 농도분극에서 수소가스발생에 의한 활성화 분극으로 진행되는 변곡점을 확일 할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1994

Sprague-Dawley rats were given freely with 15% ethanol (control) and 15% ethanol containing (1) 0.1% ginseng saponin, (2) 0.02% ginsenoside $Rb_1$, and (3) $Rg_1$ (tests) instead of water for 7 days and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in different regions of brain were examined. In control group, total ALDH activity with indoleacetaldehyde and acetaldehyde as substrate in all different regions was lower than that of normal group except in the hippocampus. The inhibitory effect on the activity was prominent in the corpus striatum and was not in the hippocampus. However, low-$K_m$ ALDH activity in all different regions was much lower than that of normal group. A considerable decrease in mitochondria ALDH activity in cerebellum and striatum was also observed in control group. In test groups total, low-$K_m$, and mitochondria AkDH activities in all different regions were higher than those in control group. Although ALDH activity in the striatum of test group was higher than control group, it was relatively depressed as compared with normal. There was not found a remarkable difference in extent of stimulating effect on the AkDH activity according to the ginseng saponin components. When biogenic aldehydes were used as substrate, ALDH activity with 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) in all brain regions of control group was lower than that using 5-hydroxy-indoleacetaldehyde (HIAL) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (NORAL) as substrate. In control group, ALDH activity with biogenic aldehydes above mentioned was markedly inhibited in the striatum contrary to other regions. The higher ALDH activity with biogenic aldehydes in test group than in control was found in the striatum, cerebrum, and cerebellum. MAO activity in the cerebellum was inhibited in control group and slightly increased in test group. The results of present study suggest that the corpus striatum is significantly affected by ethanol exposure while the hippocampus is not and that ginseng saponin fraction and ginsenosid es might have a preventive effect against depression of brain ALDH activity by chronic administration of ethanol.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.154-160
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• 2019

Background: Compound K (CK) is an active metabolite of ginseng saponin, ginsenoside Rb1, that has been shown to have ameliorative properties in various diseases. However, its role in inflammation and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this report, the antiinflammatory role of CK was investigated in macrophage-like cells. Methods: The CK-mediated antiinflammatory mechanism was explored in RAW264.7 and HEK293 cells that were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or exhibited overexpression of known activation proteins. The mRNA levels of inflammatory genes and the activation levels of target proteins were identified by quantitative and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Results: CK significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and morphological changes in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells under noncytotoxic concentrations. CK downregulated the phosphorylation of AKT1, but not AKT2, in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Similarly, CK reduced the AKT1 overexpression-induced expression of aldehyde oxidase 1, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, interferon-${\beta}$, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CK plays an antiinflammatory role during macrophage-mediated inflammatory actions by specifically targeting the AKT1-mediated signaling pathway.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 2019

Ginsenosides are active constituents of ginseng (Panax ginseng) that have possible anti-aging, physiological and pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Although the ginseng root is generally used more often than the aerial parts for medicinal purposes, the flowers also contain numerous ginsenosides, including Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rg1. Therefore, an extract from the flowers of the P. ginseng could have the pharmacological efficacy of bioactive compounds including ginsenosides. The high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) is a method that is used for the efficient extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials. In this study, we compared the yield of ginsenosides from ginseng flowers under different conditions of extraction pressure and time of HHPE. The results indicate that the total yield of the ginsenosides improved as the pressure increased from 0.1 to 80 MPa and treatment duration increased to 24 hours. In addition, the ginsenoside extracts from HHPE at 80 MPa, which possessed a higher total ginsenoside concentration, decreased the viability of the primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) significantly than the ginsenoside extracts from HHPE at 0.1 MPa. Collectively, we found that the method of HHPE that was performed for 24 hours at 80 MPa showed the highest yield of ginsenosides from the flowers of P. ginseng. In addition, our study provides a foundation for the efficient extraction of ginsenosides, which had a potent bioactivity, from flowers of P. ginseng through HHPE.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.08a
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• pp.74-75
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• 2000

The past few decades have witnessed the development of very robust technique, known as magneto-optical trap(MOT), for cooling and trapping of neutral atoms using lasers and magnetic fields. This technique can easily produce cooled atoms to a temperature range of nano-kelvin $s^{(1)}$ . These laser cooled and trapped atoms have found applications in various fields, such as ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy, precision atomic clocks, very cold atomic collision physics, Bose-Einstein Condensation, the Atom laser, etc. Particularly, a few isolated atoms of very low temperature are needed in the cavity QED studies in the optical regime. One can obtain such atoms from a MOT using the atomic fountain technique. The widely used technique for atomic fountain is, first to cool and trap the neutral atoms in MOT. And then launch them in the vertical (1, 1, 1) direction with respect to cooling beams, using moving molasses technique. Recently, this technique combined with the cavity-QED has opened an active area of basic research. This way atoms can be strongly coupled to the optical radiation in the cavity and leads to various new effects. Trapping of single atom after separating it from MOT in the high Q-optical cavity is actively initiated presentl $y^{(2.3)}$. This will help to sharpen our understanding of atom-photon interaction at quantum level and may lead to the development of single-atom laser. Our efforts to develop an $^{85}$ Rb-atomic fountain is in progress. (omitted)