• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.330-336
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• 2009

Cell-cell adhesion managed by various adhesion molecules is known to be one of important phenomena found in numerous immunological responses or diseases such as immunostimulation, rheumatoid arthritis and allergic diseases. In this study, we examined the regulatory role of ginsenosides (G)-Rb1, reported to display immunostimulatory and anticancer effects, on cell adhesion, the up-regulation of surface adhesion molecules and morphological changes using monocytic U937 and macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. G-Rb1 significantly up-regulated U937 cell-cell adhesion mediated by both CD29 and CD43. It also enhanced U937 cell-fibronectin adhesion, while CD29 blocking antibody P5D2 strongly suppressed it. In agreement, this compound also significantly increased the surface level of CD29 as well as CD43. Furthermore, this compound differentially modulated CD82 up-regulation and morphological changes triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Therefore, these results suggest that G-Rb1 may have differential modulatory function on cell adhesion events, surface molecule expression and morphological changes responsible for immune responses.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1121-1126
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• 2002

Two anhydrous crystal structures of fully dehydrated Cd2+ - and Cs+ -exchanged zeolite X, Cd32Cs28Si100Al92O384 (Cd32Cs28-X: a = 24.828(11) $\AA)$ and fully dehydrated Cd,sup>2+ - and Rb+ -exchanged zeolite X, Cd28Rb36Si100Al92O384 (Cd28Rb36-X: a = 24.794(2) $\AA$), have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at $21(1)^{\circ}C.$ The structures were refined to the final error indices, R1 = 0.058 and R2 = 0.065 with 637 reflections for Cd32Cs28-X and R1 = 0.086 and R2 = 0.113 with 521 reflections for Cd28Rb36-X for which I > $3\sigma(I)$. In the structure of Cd,sub>32Cs28-X, 16 Cd2+ ions fill the octahedral sites I at the centers of the double six rings (Cd-O = $2.358(8)\AA$ and O-Cd-O = $90.8(3)^{\circ}$ ). The remaining 16 Cd2+ ions occupy site II (Cd-O = $2.194(8)\AA$ and O-Cd-O = $119.7(4)^{\circ})$ and six Cs+ ions occupy site II opposite to the single six-rings in the supercage; each is $2.322\AA$ from the plane of three oxygens (Cs-O = 3.193(13) and O-Cs-O = $73.0(2)^{\circ}).$ Aboutten Cs+ ions are found at site II', $1.974\AA$ into the sodalite cavity from their three oxygen plane (Cs-O = $2.947(8)\AA$ and O-Cs-O = $80.2(3)^{\circ}).$ The remaining 12 Cs+ ions are distributed over site III' (Cs-O = 3.143(9) and O-Cs-O= $59.1(2)^{\circ})$. In the structure of Cd28Rb36-X, 16 Cd2+ ions fill the octahedral sites I at the center of the double-sixrings (Cd-O = 2.349(15) and O-Cd-O = $91.3(5)^{\circ}$ ). Another 12 Cd2+ ions occupy two different II sites (Cd-O = $2.171(18)/2.269(17)\AA$ and O-Cd-O = $119.7(7)/113.2(7)^{\circ}).$ Fifteen Rb+ ions occupy site II (Rb-O = $2.707(17)\AA$ and O-Rb-O = $87.8(5)^{\circ}).$ The remaining 21 Rb+ ions are distributed over site III' (Rb-O = $3.001(16)\AA$ and O-Rb-O = $60.7(4)^{\circ})$. It appears that the smaller and more highly charged Cd2+ ions prefer sites I and Ⅱ in that order, and the larger Rb+ and Cs+ ions, which are less able to balance the anionic charge of the zeolite framework, occupy sites II and II' with the remainder going to the least suitable site in the structure, site III'.The maximum Cs+ and Rb+ ion exchanges were 30% and 39%, respectively. Because these cations are too largeto enter the small cavities and their charge distributions may be unfavorable, cation-sieve effects might appear.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 1989

In ginseng saponin, $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ was contained the most abundantly. But ginsenoside-Rd which is similar to ginsenoside $Rb_1$ in structure was known to be superior to $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ pharmaceutically. A strain of Rhizopus japonicus is able to produce the convertible enzyme which can convert selectively $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ to ginsenoside-Rd without the change of any other ginsenoside. The strain can produce the most enzyme after 5 day-culture on wheat bran medium. The enzyme production was promoted best efficiently by addition of red ginseng powder in ginseng products, xylose in sugars, laminarin in polysaccharides, naringin in flavonoids, and potassium nitrate in nitrogen substrates.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.451-456
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• 2013

Compound K is a major metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, which has various pharmacological activities in vivo and in vitro. However, previous studies have focused on the pharmacokinetics of a single metabolite or the parent compound and have not described the pharmacokinetics of both compounds in humans. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K, we performed an open-label, single-oral dose pharmacokinetic study using Korean Red Ginseng extract. We enrolled 10 healthy Korean male volunteers in this study. Serial blood samples were collected during 36 h after Korean Red Ginseng extract administration to determine plasma concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K. The mean maximum plasma concentration of compound K was $8.35{\pm}3.19$ ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that of ginsenoside Rb1 ($3.94{\pm}1.97$ ng/mL). The half-life of compound K was 7 times shorter than that of ginsenoside Rb1. These results suggest that the pharmacokinetics, especially absorption, of compound K are not influenced by the pharmacokinetics of its parent compound, except the time to reach the maximum plasma concentration The delayed absorption of compound K support the evidence that the intestinal microflora play an important role in the transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.206-213
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• 2022

Ginsenoside Rb2 is an active protopanaxadiol-type saponin, widely existing in the stem and leave of ginseng. Rb2 has recently been the focus of studies for pharmaceutical properties. This paper provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics for Rb2, which exhibit poor absorption, rapid tissue distribution and slow excretion through urine. Pharmacological studies indicate a beneficial role of Rb2 in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, obesity, tumor, photoaging, virus infection and cardiovascular problems. The underlying mechanism is involved in an inhibition of oxidative stress, ROS generation, inflammation and apoptosis via regulation of various cellular signaling pathways and molecules, including AKT/SHP, MAPK, EGFR/SOX2, TGF-β1/Smad, SIRT1, GPR120/AMPK/HO-1 and NF-κB. This work would provide a new insight into the understanding and application of Rb2. However, its therapeutic effects have not been clinically evaluated. Further studies should be aimed at the clinical treatment of Rb2.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2007

The psychopharmacological profile of ginsenosides has not yet been confirmed systematically although various neuropharmacological activities associated with them have been investigated. In the present study, the psychological activities of Rb1 were investigated to evaluate whether it can be used in treatment or prevention of psychological disorders. Rb1 was intravenously injected at doses of O.2,2,5 and 10 mg/kg. The effects of Rb1 on the $Cl^-$ ion influx were investigated using IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, locomotor activity, forced swimming activity, activity on rotating rod and activity in elevated plus-maze were tested in mice. Rb1 increased the $Cl^-$ influx into the intracell region in a dose-dependent manner. Rb1 did not cause change in behavior in total open field when locomotor activity was tested, however it increased activities, especially, such as rearing frequency in center area. Administration of Rb1 at 0.2 mg/kg significantly reduced activities on rotating rod however administration at high dosages had no effect on them. Rb1 administration decreased animal immobile time in a water chamber in a dose dependent manner, and increased the strong mobile time of animals. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that Rb1 contributes to the psychopharmacological effects of ginseng and may be used in treatment or prevention of psychological disorders such as anxiety or depression.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 1994.12a
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• pp.15-26
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• 1994

Bovine somatotropin(bST) or bovine growth hormone (bGH) is a protein of 191 amino acids produced by the anterior pituitary gland of cattle. Recombinant bovine somatotropin(rbST) is biosynthetic versions of the naturally occurring pituitary hormone in cows. The use of rbST in dairy cows promises to improve the efficiency of milk production around the world. Using recombinant DNA technology, bST can now be produced in commercial quantities. The recombinant bST(rbST) is biologically identical to the found in the bovine pituitary. Milk from rbST-treated cows has been found to have the same nutritional value and composition as milk from untreated cows. In November of 1993, rbST finally was approved by the FDA, nearly 10 years after filing a licence applica-tion. rbST has been one of the most extensively studied animal drug products to be reviewed by the agency. Three scientific facts will help to reassure the public about the safety of the milk suppy.: 1. rbST has no biological activity in humans when indigested orally or when given by intramuscular injection. 2. Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) is not orally active. Any changes in IGF-1 levels in milk are well within normal variation and are lower than those reported in human milk. 3. All cow's milk contains bST, and no significant change in bST levels in milk occurs as a result of giving cows supplemental bST. Based on the scientific evidence, the public can be confident that milk and meat from rbST-treated cows is safe to consumers.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.233-239
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• 2010

Phenolic acid concentrates of rice bran(RB-ex) and hydroxycinnamic acids were investigated for their anti-hyperglycemic activities through glucose uptake and glucokinase activity using HepG2 cells and stimulatory effects on insulin secretion using HIT-T15 cells. RB-ex was prepared as an ethylacetate extract after alkaline hydrolysis and hydroxycinnamic acids, found as major compositions of RB-ex, such as ferulic acid(FA), sinapic acid(SA) and p-coumaric acid(p-CA) were investigated to compare with the properties of RB-ex. The properties of glucose uptake in HepG2 cells were examined in the absence of insulin and two different glucose concentrations(5.5 mM and 25 mM). RB-ex and FA showed anti-hyperglycemic activities through the increase of glucose uptake and the stimulation of glucokinase activity in HepG2 cells. RB-ex exhibited higher glucose uptakes with higher glucose concentrations, whereas FA exhibited the same increasing effects on both concentrations of glucose. RB-ex and FA exhibited doubled glucokinase activities relative to control. In the presence of insulin in the 25 mM glucose-containing medium, the levels of glucose uptake were increased in all treatments compared with control. As stimulatory effects of samples on insulin secretion were estimated, RB-ex and FA stimulated insulin secretion at a concentration of 25 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and in particular, FA showed the highest amount of insulin-release in HIT-T15 cells. Antioxidative effects on HIT-T15 cells, RB-ex and hydroxycinnamic acids, excluding p-CA, showed inhibitory activities of 78% to 80% at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. On the basis of these results, we conclude that RB-ex and FA could help decrease blood glucose levels and prevent the cell damages via antioxidant activity.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.169-183
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• 1984

인삼의 주된 사포닌으로서 Rg,과 Rb,을 흰쥐에 투여하였을 경우에 이들 물질이 흰쥐의 장기에 흡수 또는 분포되는 상태와 배설에 대하여 연구하였다. 진세노사이드 $Rg_{1}$은 경구 투여량의 약 $1.9{\%}$가 소화관의 상부에서 흡수되었으며, 투여한지 30분 후에 최고 혈중 농도에 이르렀고 조직에서는 1.5시간 걸렸다. 그러나 뇌에서는 확인되지 않았으며 뇨와 당즙에는 2 : 5의 비로 배설되었다. $Rb_{1}$을 100mg/kg 경구투여한 결과, 소화관에서는 거의 흡수가 되지 않았으며, 한편 정맥주사(5mg/kg)의 경우는 혈중 $Rb_{1}$의 농도가 지수적으로 감소하였으며, B-phase의 반감기는 14.5시간이었다. 정맥주사후 혈청과 조직에 장시간 잔존은 활성을 나탄내는 혈청단백과의 결합과 관련이 있는 것으로 사료되며 시간에 따라 뇨로 배설되나 담즙에서는 확인되지 않았다. $Rg_{1}$과 $Rb_{1}$을 경구투여한 후 TLC와 $^{13}C$-NMR을 이용하여 위와 대장에서의 분해 상태를 연구한 결과 위에서 $Rg_{1}$의 일부가 분해, 6종류의 분해 산물이 r-everse phase TLC상에서 관찰되었고 이들 분해 산물은 약산성 (0.1N HCl, $37^{\circ}C$) 조건하에서 $Rg_{1}$의 가수분해산물과 동일하였다. 한편, $Rb_{1}$ 경구투여후 위장에서 얻은 시료중에서 미확인 분해산물이 관찰되었으며, 이 분해산물은 약산성 조건하에서 $Rb_{1}$의 가수분해산물과는 상이하다는 사실을 확인하였다. 대장에서, $Rg_{1}$은 미생물 tetracycline-susceptible bacteria와 tetracycline-resist bacteria에 의해 $Rb_{1}$과 $F_{1}$으로 분해되었으며, $Rb_{1}$은 장내의 효소와 tetracycline-resistantant bacteria에 의해 Rd와 2 종류의 미확인 물질로 분해되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.278-284
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• 2016

Background: The ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is the most abundant compound in the root of Panax ginseng. Recent studies have shown that Rb1 has a neuroprotective effect. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are still unknown. Methods: We used stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture, combined with quantitative mass spectrometry, to explore a potential protective mechanism of Rb1 in ${\beta}$-amyloid-treated neuronal cells. Results: A total of 1,231 proteins were commonly identified from three replicate experiments. Among these, 40 proteins were significantly changed in response to Rb1 pretreatment in ${\beta}$-amyloid-treated neuronal cells. Analysis of the functional enrichments and protein interactions of altered proteins revealed that actin cytoskeleton proteins might be linked to the regulatory mechanisms of Rb1. The CAP1, CAPZB, TOMM40, and DSTN proteins showed potential as molecular target proteins for the functional contribution of Rb1 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Conclusion: Our proteomic data may provide new insights into the protective mechanisms of Rb1 in AD.