• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1981

Among the Basidiomycetes, Pleurotus ostreatus 301 and Lentinus edodes 3-1 were chosen because of their good enzyme productivity and rapid mycelial growth in rice straw medium. Their cultural conditions adequate for the enzymes production and effects of various materials and inorganic salts added to thd rice straw media were investigated. L. edodes 3-1 was excellent in productivity of cellulase and xylanase, and P. ostreatus 301 in protease. The optimum conditions for enzyme production were at $30^{\circ}C$ in cellulase production and at $25^{\circ}C$ in xylanase and protease production, with 75% moisture content and 5.0-6.0 initial pH. The appropriate cultural periods, for enzyme production were 30 days and 35 days for P. ostreatus 301 and L. edodes 3-1, respectively. Among the various materials added, defatted soybean, defatted rape seed, or defatted sesame were all effective to enzyme production but reduced mycelial growth. Rice bran was also effective, particularly at 30% concentration. The addition of inorganic salts showed effective to enzyme production. Among inorganic salts, optimum concentration of $CaCO_3$ was 5%, and that of $CaSO_4$ was 2%.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.615-622
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• 2019

Recently, reports of cruel group sexual assault in India have been frequently reported. The most prominent group sexual assault incident in India was a medical student, Joti Singh case, that six men raped her and damaged her genitals and organs on a bus and caused her death in 2012. This incident led to the launch and passage of a strong punishment bill including death penalty for sexual assault. But since then, sexual assault is still on the rise. As a result of examining the relations with regional characteristics centering on the areas where sexual assaults occurred, it was found that most of the cases of group sexual assault reported in the media occurred in the mid-north of India, and this was consistent with the region of the Hindu stressed region. If so, it can only be concluded that Hindu fundamentalism, in which female neglect is severe, is the cause. Hindu fundamentalists try to revive the traditional values of women with a strong retroism tendency. In Indian society, women are still at risk of collateral damage. The pursuit of Hindu fundamentalism by the ruling party and political leaders will require much more time to improve the women's social status and human rights.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 1977

Experiments were carried out to pursue the availability and the feasibility of utilizable cellulosic materials as substrate for the production of cellulosic single cell protein. The resuluts were obtained as fellows. 1. Effects of carbolydrates as a sole carton source on the growth of Cellulomonas flavigena KIST 321 were examined. The result showed that cellulose and xylose would be most utlizable for cell mass production. 2. Alkaline treated waste papers and clothes resulted in good growth of the organism than intact ones did. However the waste papers as substrate of cellulosic fermentation were not digestible, even if the meterial was treated with alkalies. 3. Rice straw, rape straw and panic grass appeared to be good substrates for the cell mass production. 4. Leaves were proved to be a good substrate for the cell mass production, but wood sawdust was hardly digested by merely alkaline treatment. 5. When cellulosic wastes as the substrate were examined into the concentration of alkaline solution, the result suggested that the best productivity of cell mass from cellulosic materials was obtained on treatment with 0.8∼1.0％ NaOH solution. 6. The productivity of cell mass was increased by washing out with water after alkaline treatment of newspaper, pine sawdust, lime sawdust and pine leaf.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.35-38
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• 2004

1950-1960 년대의 녹색혁명은 1970년 Nobel 평화상수 상자 Norman Borlaug가 주도했었다. 제1 녹색혁명은 지구상의 가장 큰 문제점중의 하나인 기아를 해결하는지 크게 일조하였다. 많은 사람들을 굶주림으로부터 해방시켰지만 굶주리는 사람보다 더 많은 사람들이 매일 태어나고 있고, 지구의 인구증가는 지금까지 계속되고 있다. 언제까지 인구증가가 계속될 것인지, 인구증가에 따른 식량자원의 증가도 비례할 것인지는 오래전부터 인류의 관심의 대상이 되어 왔고, 자연스럽게 지구의 기아를 해결하는 제2의 녹색혁명은 과학자들의 연구를 집중시키는 결과를 낳게 되었다. 1980 년대에 미국 Monsanto 회사에서 유전공학적으로 개발한 Roundup-Ready 제초제저항성 및 Bt-살충 농작물을 선보이면서 제2의 녹색혁명이 시작되었다고 볼 수 있겠다. 이렇게 제2의 녹색혁명은 유전공학에 의한 CMO 식물$\cdot$작물에 의해 시작되었다. Monsanto 회사는 살충제 RoundUp 제초제 저항성 옥수수, 콩, 목화, Canola (유채꽃, rape seed) 등을 개발하여 이미 상업화하였다. 1960년대 쌀의 녹색혁명도 유전적으로 벼집이 짧은 품종에 의해 이루어졌다. 최근에 개발된 GMO "Golden Rice"는 비타민 A와 철분의 함량을 대폭 증대 시켜 세계 영양결핍 아동들의 건강과 시각을 향상시킬 것으로 기대되는데, "Golden Rice"는 제1회 금호국제과학상 수상자인 Potrykus (스위스공대) 교수가 개발하였다. 그러나 현재까지는 그 보급에 많은 장애물이 있다. 특히 GMO의 환경과 건강에 대한 안전성을 의심하는 사람들이 많다. 제2의 녹색혁명의 또 다른 분야는 식물의약 분야이다. GMO 개발에 적용되는 기술을 이용하면 taxol 같은 항암제, carotene 같은 항산화 영양제 등의 대량 생산이 가능해진다. 식물은 화학적 합성이 아주 까다로운 약제물질 등을 천연상태에서 합성하고 있기 때문이다. 또 식물은 lipoxygenase 효소계가 있어서 마치 천연물 석유제조공장과 같은 제조공정 capacity를 가지고 있다. 그러면 식물/식품 GMO는 안전한 것인가? 아니, KBS의 한 사회자가 말했듯이, 그리고 많은 소비자들이 믿는 것처럼 GMO는 위험한가? GMO에 대한 일반 사람들의 공포감은 Green Peace 당원들뿐만 아니라 일부 과학자들에 의해서도 조장되고 있다. 이러한 분위기 속에서 GMO에 의한 제2 녹색혁명은 Africa 대륙에서의 제1 녹색혁명이 지금도 지연되는 것과 같다고도 볼 수 있다. GMO의 환경에 대한 악영향은 과대 선전되어있는 것이 아닌가? 마치 GMO가 화학비료, 농약제보다 더 위험하다고 믿는 사람들도 많다. 나는 이러한 GMO 공포증이 과학적으로 그리고 "Risk Assessment"의 견지에서 볼 때 그 근거가 희박하다고 보여주는 몇 몇 실험 및 경험 사실들을 인용하려 한다. 그리고 올바른 Risk Assessment야 말로 한국의 21세기 BT 산업을 경쟁력 있게 하고 국민 년 소득 2만불 달성에 중요한 기여를 하게 될 것이라고 생각한다. 한국은 농토가 적고 천연자원이 빈약하다. GMO는 21세기의 생존 경쟁 산업이다. 제2의 녹색혁명은 얼마든지 가능하며, 한국은 부족한 농토와 빈약한 자원에도 불구하고 능력 있는 인적자원이 풍부하여 GMO 개발 연구에 국제적 경쟁력을 키울 수 있다. 그러나 GMO에 대한 논쟁만 하고 있으면 이미 때가 늦는다. 미국은 이미 GMO-BT 시장을 거의 완전 독점했으며, 타국에서의 논쟁과 불합리적으로 엄격한 GMO 관련 규정을 조장하고 환영한다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.230-237
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence and characterization of tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) in Chinese foxglove isolated from the field of the Chonbuk province(Jinan, Jangsu, Jeongeup). TMV was detected in all three regions and confirmed positive reaction by ELISA test. In the host range test, Chenopodium amaranticola, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum cv. 'Bright yellow', N. tabacum cv. 'KY­57, Datura stramonium were locally infected with the virus. The virus produced mosaic symptom on inoculated leaves of N. tabacum cv. 'Samson'. However, Chenopodium quinoa, Glycine max, Raphanus sativus, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita moschata, Brassica rape and Lycopersion esculentum did not show any symptoms. TMV particles were revealed as a stiff rod shape by transmission electron microscopic(TEM) and measured as 300 nm in length with 18 nm in diameter. Total RNA was extracted from showing symptom loaves infected with TMV and the reverse transcription­polymerase chain reaction (RT­PCR) obtained 531 bp DNA product of RNA with specific primer used. The capsid protein of TMV­RE showed higher amino acid sequence homology(97.7％) with TMV­To than with TMV­P(72.2％). The capsid protein of TMV­152 showed same amino acid sequence homology with TMV­F. The result of comparison of nucleotides sequence homology between TMV­RE strain and other TMV strain showed 94％ homology with others except TMV­P(67.3％) and TMV ­ C(68.6％).

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.115-127
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• 2009

Objectives: To compare alcohol secondhand effects among US and Korean students. Methods: Nationally representative 4-year colleges of two countries were involved in this cross-national comparison study. Data from the 2001 U.S. College Alcohol Study and the 2003 Korean College Alcohol Study came from 120 colleges in 38 U.S. states and the District of Columbia and 60 colleges in Korea. Randomly selected 4-year college students from the U.S. (10,924) and Korea (2,385) participated in the study using self-reports of alcohol use and perceptions of drinking as assessed by College Alcohol Study questionnaires. Results: Korean students were tend to more likely to have being a victim of sexual assault or date rape, having to take care of drunken students and finding vomit in the hall or bathroom of residence, than US students, while US students were tend to more likely to have being insulted or humiliated, having a serious argument and quarrel, being pushed, hit, or assaulted, having study/sleep interrupted, and experiencing an unwanted sexual advance than Korean students. Conclusion: In general, US students were more likely to suffer interrelationship problems after drinking while Korean students were more likely to have physical and individual drinking related problems.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.643-647
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• 2010

This research was carried out to investigate residues of neomycin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, amitraz, 2,4-dimethylaniline (one of amitraz's metabolites), and coumaphos in honey in order to intensively control their use following the establishment of Korean maximum residue limits (MRLs) for veterinary drugs in honey in 2007. To monitor for residues, 110 honeys and food products with honey were collected and analyzed. The collected honeys included acasia, mixed flower, chestnut, rape flower, jujube, and native types. Neomycin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, oxytetracycline, and amitraz were not detected among samples. Coumaphos was found in the Korean acasia honey at 0.02 mg/kg, but its concentration was under the MRL (0.1 mg/kg) for coumaphos. According to the results, there were no violations of the Korean MRLs of veterinary drugs in honey.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.212-217
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• 1995

This study was aimed for determining the biochemical mechanism of cold tolerance in crops and for searching the biochemical genetic marker related with cold tolerance by the analysis of isozyme pattern. We investigated various biochemical changes induced by the long-term cold acclimation in cold sensitive rape (B. napus) and in cold tolerant 'Sandongchae'(B. campestris) seedlings. The cold shock after long-term cold acclimation to B. napus and B. campestris greatly increased the activities of peroxidase 157% and 50% in root fraction and, 201% and 205% in hypocotyl, respectively. Simultaneously, the activity of superoxide dismutase was largely increased in hypocotyl fraction, too. Protein contents of hypocotyl fractions in B. napus and B. campestris were also increased by 11.4% and 57.8%, respectively. The band of pl 6.4 among peroxidase isozymes newly biosynthesized during long-term cold acclimation was emerged in the hypocotyl fraction of cold tolerant B. campestris as well as in the root of both species. From above and previous results, we presented a model of interconversions of molecular oxygen species due to the cold injury and biochemically inferred the mechanism of cold tolerance in crops.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.207-211
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• 1995

In order to determine the mechanism of cold tolerance in crops, changes in biochemical factors related with the biological reduction of molecular oxygen upon cold shock treatment were analyzed at an early stage of Brassica germination. As the cold shocked seedlings were recovered under the normal growth condition for 24 hours, the peroxidase activities in cold sensitive rape(B. napus) and cold tolerant 'Sandongchae'(B. campestris) were considerably increased by 33% and 87% in root fraction and, 84% and 206% in hypocotyl, respectively. The content of superoxide($H_2O_2$) in hypocotyl fraction was dramatically accumulated until 8 hours after recovery and then gradually decreased. The extent of superoxide accumulation was severer in B. napus than B. campestris. At 24 hours after cold shock, $H_2O_2$ content was decreased to the nearly control level in B. campestris but still remained by 38%, in E. napus. Even though $H_2O_2$ content in hypocotyl fraction was decreased only 2% in B. napus during cold shock, while in B. campestris it was severely decreased about 15%. On the other hand, the cold shock at 3 days after Uniconazole treatment was more effective in increase of peroxidase activity than each separate treatment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.202-206
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• 1995

In order to obtain the basic data for clarifing the mechanism of cold tolerance in crops, we analyzed various biochemical changes according to the Uniconazole treatment in Brassica seedling. Peroxidase activity in the root fraction of Brassica seedling was about 3 to 4 times higher than that in hypocotyl fraction, while catalase activity in those fractions showed opposite trend to the peroxidase activity. The content of hydrogen peroxide in root fraction was higher than that of hypocotyl fraction as being a reciprocal proportion with catalase activity. Especially in all fractions, peroxidase· activity of 'Sandongchae' (B. campestris) seedling, known as cold tolerant, was two-fold higher than that of cold sensitive rape(B. napus). The elongation rate of hypocotyl after germination was faster in B. napus than in B. campestris. The application of Uniconazole at 0.3 to 1.0 ppm to B. napus suppressed 43 to 46% of hypocotyl elongation and increased 65 to 73% of peroxidase activity in hypocotyl fraction. The shortening rate of hypocotyl length due to Uniconazole treatment was positively correlated with the increasing rate of peroxidase activity in hypocotyl fraction. Superoxide dismutase was not induced upon Uniconazole treatment and has only 3 isozymes in any fractions. Its activity was observed in the order of cotyledon>root>hypocotyl fraction.