• Title/Summary/Keyword: Rain water

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Hydrologic Analysis of the September 1990 Extreme Flood Occurred on the Chungju Dam Basin (충주(忠州)댐 유역(流域) 1990년(年) 9월(月) 대홍수(大洪水)의 수문학적(水文學的) 분석(分析))

  • Ko, Seok Ku;Lee, Hee Sung;Jeong, Dong Kug;Jung, Jae Sung
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.12 no.4_1
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    • pp.107-119
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    • 1992
  • A heavy storm hit the central part of the Korean Peninsula especially on the Chungju Dam Basin from the 9th to 12th of September 1990. The Chungju multipurpose dam is the largest water project in Korea completed in 1986. The storm recorded a peak inflow of about $21,000m^3/sec$ at the dam site which is equivalent to 500 to 1000 years recurring frequency according to the designed concept. Extensive hydrological analyses including field investigation were performed to identify the storm. The result of the field investigation showed that 6 gages among the 22 telemetering rain-gages located in the basin were proved to be out-of-normal operation during the storm. The corrected basin average rainfall was estimated to be 458.6 mm ranging from 206 to 665 mm. The correction of the rainfall depth included the adjustment of the rainfall depths of the 6 gages using the Kriging interpolation technique, and adjustment according to the heights of the gage mouths. For the maintenance and operation of the Chungju Dam, new design floods were suggested from the trend analysis which showed that the design flood have to be increased because of the increasing tendency of the annual flood peaks.

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Dynamic Changes of Dissolved Oxygen during Summer Monsoon (하절기 장마동안 용존산소의 역동적 변화)

  • An, Kwang-Guk
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.33 no.3 s.91
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    • pp.213-221
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    • 2000
  • Seasonal oxygen content and deficit rates were evaluated from 17 sites of Taechung Reservoir during 1993${\sim}$1994. In 1993, river inflows peaked during the monsoon in July${\sim}$August and disrupted thermal stratification and anoxic layers in the headwaters, thereby confining the anoxia to the mid-lake and downlake reach. The volume of anoxic water with < 4 mg/l DO comprised only < 10% of the total lake volume in this period. In contrast, during monsoon 1994, 85% of total lake volume was subject to hypoxic conditions with oxygen concentrations < 30% saturation, resulting in massive fishkills (Hypomesus olidus). Relative areal oxygen deficit (RAOD) was -0.024mg O$_{2}$cm$^{-2}$d$^{-1}$ during monsoon 1993, whereas it rapidly decreased at the rate of 0.080mg O$_{2}$cm$^{-2}$d$^{-1}$ during monsoon 1994. Anoxic factor (AF) showed a same interannual pattern as the RAOD and was greater >50 d in 1994 (76.5 d) than 1993 (21.3 d). Thus, the reservoir showed a river-characteristics (6${\sim}$11 mg/l DO) in 1993 while lacustrine conditions (<4mg/l DO) dominated in 1994. Regression analysis showed that the variation of summer DO was mostly determined (R$^{2}$=0.99, p<0.0001) by inflow. These findings suggest that the primary factor regulating the oxygen content in this system during summer is an intensity of the monsoon rain.

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A Study of the Personal Ornaments and Make-up of Maroccan (모로코인(人)의 장신구(裝身具)와 화장(化粧)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Soon-Hong
    • Journal of Fashion Business
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.15-34
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    • 2001
  • Ornaments are accessories for the decoration of the body or dress. They aren't unavoidably required one, but serve to make one's dress perfect as decorative industrial art objects. In Morocco, ornaments were initially used as a sign of social position or the class or an incantatory symbol. In effect, they were originally employed to adjust one's dress, not just for decoration, and they were of use for household economy. Gold, silver and handcraft available for exchange were a means of increasing one's property and an indication of social standing and wealth. In particular, the dress and jewelry of a bride was a measure of her family's wealth, regarded as a symbol of her chastity and value. The ornaments symbolically back up people's faith in supernatural power, and their real value is based on implicit form or way of decoration, not the external shape. Specifically, there is a tendency to use the form of animal as a protector, not one to frighten people. In the artistic tradition of Morocco, fish pattern stands for water and rain, and eagle and bird are considered to be related to fate. Scorpion and lizard are depicted as an inquirer of sun, and snake is a symbol of abundance and sexual instinct, being viewed to have an ability to cure disease. Turtle pattern is a symbol of saint because it protects one from the evil. The ornaments are made of gold, silver, amber, clam, garnet, glass, nielle, enamel, glaze, coral or tree, and symbolic patterns are used, including hand(a symbol of five numerals), turtle, lizard, scorpion, eye, triangle, bird and eggs. They are very big and diverse, being categorized into ornaments for the head or the chest, neckless, fibula, earring, bracelet and ring. For Moroccans, make-up is a sort of instinctive behavior to meet aesthetic and sexual desire. They also wear make-up for practical purpose of protection, intentionally inflict a wound on the skin for ceremonial or religious purpose, paint the skin with pigment, or have the part of the body tattooed for incantatory purpose. All this actions are regarded as make-up. The raw material of cosmetics is aker, a vegetable dye. They get the lips or cheeks turn red and paint eyebrows with yellow saffran powder to have a bad devil lose its strength. Tattooing is mainly done by women and viewed as a sign of their value or social organization they belong to. Sometimes that is used to represent a woman's being old enough to marry or getting married already or the frequency of marriage. Besides, tattoo is believed to prevent or remedy loose bowels or cough, depending on its location or pattern, and they often change tattoo according to the change of beauty art.

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The Hepatoprotective Effects of Hep G2 Cells and the Alcohol-Metabolizing Enzyme Activities of Lemon-Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) Leaf Extracts (레몬 머틀 잎 추출물의 Hep G2 세포에서의 간 보호 효과 및 알코올대사 효소활성)

  • Jung, Kyung Im;Kim, Pan Kil;Gal, Sang Wan;Choi, Young Ju
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.27 no.11
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    • pp.1262-1268
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    • 2017
  • Lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), a plant in the Myrtaceae family, is native to the semitropical rain-forests of Queensland and is presumably the most commercialized native spice. In Australian thousands of lemon-myrtle trees are under tillage. This study was carried out to investigate the alcohol metabolism, hepatoprotective effects and antidiabetic, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of hot-water (LMW) and 80% ethanol (LME) extracts from lemon-myrtle leaves. The alpha-glucosidase (${\alpha}$-glucosidase) inhibitory activities of the LMW and LME extracts were 7.66% and 40.29% at 1 mg/ml (p<0.05), respectively. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the LME extract was about 38.26 % at 1 mg/ml. The effects the LMW and LME extracts had on alcohol-metabolizing activities were determined by measuring the generation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The ADH activities of the LMW and LME extracts significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner and were about 154.40% and 192.03% at 1 mg/ml, respectively (p<0.05). The ALDH activities of the LMW and LME extracts also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner and were about 151.14% and 192.34% at 1 mg/ml, respectively (p<0.05). At $100{\mu}g/ml$, the LMW and LME extracts showed significant protective effects against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells. The results suggested that Backhousia citriodora leaf extracts have the potential to be significant sources for natural health products.

The Study on Characteristics of Rainwater in Saemangeum (재난을 대비한 새만금지역의 강우특성에 관한 연구)

  • Lim, Ik Hyun;Hwang, Eui Jin;Ryu, Ji Hyeob
    • Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.65-72
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    • 2011
  • This study was carried out to investigate the cause of acidification of rainwater and to evaluate the possibility of alternative water resource in Saemangeum. The rainwater were collected in the kwangwhal-myun, Saemangeum from March to September, 2009. The collected 7 samples were analyzed with pH meter, IC (ion chromatography) and ICP (inductively coupled plasma) about the pH and the major ions ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$, $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, $NH^{4+}$, $Na^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$) of rainwater. The order of the major anion concentration and the acidification contribution in the rainwater was $SO{_4}^{2-}$>$NO_3{^-}$>$Cl^-$, and that of the major cation was $Ca^{2+}$>$K^+$>$NH_4{^+}$>$Na^+$>$Mg^{2+}$. In the initial rainwater, the major ions concentration were higher than the middle period. pH of the rainwater was the lowest at May, but similar to the results of the others. And pH of the rainwater were significant correlation with $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ in Saemangeum. From this results, the rainwater was slight acidic, and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was the main factor contributed to the rainwater acidification in Saemangeum.

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한국산의 죽류에 관한 연구(제육보) 산죽류의 번식에 관하여

  • 정현배
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.9-13
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    • 1964
  • As to the up-lnd bamboos, I have reported, in my previous works, that Korea has two species in the genus of Pseudosasa, four in Pleioblastus, and other four in Sasa. In the present work, I dealt with Sasamorpha Purpurascens Nakai var. Borealis Nakai which proved the strongest vitality of all up-land bamboo yet found in various up-lands of Korea, and which might be most important from the utility view-point. This report is chiefly on its procreation. Sasamorpha Purpurascens Nakai var. Borealis Nakai can be found almost everywhere throughout the country, and its leaves and stems are much used in farms in various forms of manufacture. It is also welcomed as the feed for livestocks and as cover plants for aforestation, especially as the excellent means of errosion control on devastated hill sides. It is also widely accepted that it will provide, in the immediate future, abundant sources for the up-land bamboo pulp. As the first phase of my research plan on the subject, I undertook to determine the possible best way of its procreation, for which were included the experiments of inducing the growth of subterranean stems, the entire stand cutting, transplanting, reclaimed planting after burning etc. in order to observe the plant elongation, growing conditon, climatical effect etc. What has been fuond out so far given here as follows: 1) Of the various sections of the country, Mt. Odae area gives out the most excellent Sasamorpha Purpurascens Nakai var. Borealis Nakai(the leaf weight of which is 450 gr.) and Taekwanryong area comes the next class. This species can be transplanted anywhere in the South Korea. 2) The elongation of S.P. Nakai var. Borelais begins at around the middle of May and almost completely stops by the 20th of August. 3) The best studied transplanting season is supposed to be Feb. -April, for those transplanted during that period proved 100% of success. The next best transplanting season may be October. Rain fall does not have so much effect on transplanting as the growing season does. 4) In inducing the subterranean stems, the growing season can be ignored. The root expnsion is most animated during the months of April-June, the most active season for water absorption. Those stems induced during the winter proves more rapid growth. 5) The entire stand cutting shows greater growth than the reclaimed planting after burning and that, the growth is most vigorous during May-July, whereas during the hottest months of Aug-Sept. the growth shows only 5 cm. The new shoots grow slower both in the field of entire stand cutting and in the field of reclaimed planting after burning than in the otherwise fields.

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On Estimating Interception Storage Capacity of Litter Layer at Gwangneung Deciduous Forest (광릉 활엽수림의 낙엽층 차단저류능 추정에 관하여)

  • Kang, Min-Seok;Hong, Je-Woo;Bong, Ha-Young;Jang, Hye-Mi;Choi, Myung-Je;Jang, Yoo-Hee;Cheon, Jeong-Hwa;Kim, Joon
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.87-92
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    • 2011
  • In order to better understand the role of litter layer on hydrological cycle in forest, we estimated the interception storage capacity of the litter layer at Gwangneung deciduous forest. We first made a thickness map of the litter layer at the study site based on field survey and then collected representative litter samples for the laboratory experiment. We constructed a measurement device consisting of sample tray, drain collector, tipping bucket, and a data logger. Using this device, we examined the relationship between the interception storage capacity ($C_i$) and the thickness (d) of the litter layer. For the range of d from 25 to 100 mm, there was a simple linear relationship between $C_i$ and d, which changed with the intensity of the simulated rain. The results were extrapolated to d smaller than 25 mm by considering that no interception occurs without litter layer. Overall, $C_i$ increased rapidly when d was low (< 25 mm) but the rate of increase decreased as d increased due to clumping. With an average thickness of 59 mm, the estimated $C_i$ at the site was 0.94 (${\pm}0.39$) mm. Such an interception storage capacity of the litter layer is comparable to that of the forest canopy, suggesting that the litter layer can play an important role in the forest water cycle.

Ridge and field tile aerodynamics for a low-rise building: a full-scale study

  • Tecle, Amanuel;Bitsuamlak, Girma T.;Suskawang, Nakin;Chowdury, Arindam Gan;Fuez, Serge
    • Wind and Structures
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.301-322
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    • 2013
  • Recent major post-hurricane damage assessments in the United States have reported that the most common damages result from the loss of building roof coverings and subsequent wind driven rain intrusion. In an effort to look further into this problem, this paper presents a full-scale (Wall of Wind --WoW--) investigation of external and underneath wind pressures on roof tiles installed on a low-rise building model with various gable roofs. The optimal dimensions for the low-rise building that was tested with the WOW are 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 2.13 m (7 ft) wide, and 2.13 m (7 ft) high. The building is tested with interchangeable gable roofs at three different slopes (2:12; 5:12 and 7:12). The field tiles of these gable roofs are considered with three different tile profiles namely high (HP), medium (MP), and low profiles (LP) in accordance with Florida practice. For the ridge, two different types namely rounded and three-sided tiles were considered. The effect of weather block on the "underneath" pressure that develops between the tiles and the roof deck was also examined. These tests revealed the following: high pressure coefficients for the ridge tile compared to the field tiles, including those located at the corners; considerably higher pressure on the gable end ridge tiles compared to ridge tiles at the middle of the ridge line; and marginally higher pressure on barrel type tiles compared to the three-sided ridge tiles. The weather blocking of clay tiles, while useful in preventing water intrusion, it doesn't have significant effect on the wind loads of the field tiles. The case with weather blocking produces positive mean underneath pressure on the field tiles on the windward side thus reducing the net pressures on the windward surface of the roof. On the leeward side, reductions in net pressure to a non-significant level were observed due to the opposite direction of the internal and external pressures. The effect of the weather blocking on the external pressure on the ridge tile was negligible.

Origin and Preservation Status of the 'Gongju Junghakdong Old Missionary House', the Registered Cultural Property No. 233 (등록문화재 제233호 '공주 중학동 구 선교사가옥'의 유래와 보존현황)

  • Suh, Mancheol;Kim, Sung Bae
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.11-21
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    • 2018
  • The result of the study on the origin and preservation status of the 'Gongju Junghakdong old missionary house', the Registered Cultural Property No. 233, reveals that the building was approved on October 23, 1921, and missionary Alice H. Sharp was living in the building until her retirement from her missionary life of 39 years in Korea in 1939. In order to review internal and external preservation status of the building, condition of wood material, the composition of the window, the damage of the wall, and the leaning of the building were examined. In particular, in the case of window facilities, it is necessary to restore it to the original upper and lower sliding window. As a result of investigation of the preservation status of the external facilities, it is necessary to restore the original shape of the staircase and a deck of the building on south western side and the well. In addition, the results of the non-destructive diagnosis of the ground revealed that the building was built on uneven surface layer of 2-5 m thickness and the boundary between the surface layer and the upper part of the weathered rock is inclined following geomorphology. This phenomenon shows that when the water content of the ground increases in the rainy season, the bearing capacity of the ground is lowered, and there is a possibility of uneven subsidence. Especially, landslides may occur in case of heavy rain. Therefore, it is desirable to install a masonry facility at the southwest boundary of the site, and it is recommended to install a drainage facility to ensure rapid drainage.

Characteristics of Heavy Rainfall for Landslide-triggering in 2011 (2011년 집중호우로 인한 산사태 발생특성 분석)

  • Kim, Suk-Woo;Chun, Kun-Woo;Kim, Jin-Hak;Kim, Min-Sik;Kim, Min-Seok
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.101 no.1
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    • pp.28-35
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    • 2012
  • Rainfall is widely recognized as a major landslide-triggering factor. Most of the latest landslides that occurred in South Korea were caused by short-duration heavy rainfall. However, the relationship between rainfall characteristics and landslide occurrence is poorly understood. To examine the effect of rainfall on landslide occurrence, cumulative rainfall(mm) and rainfall intensity(mm/hr) of serial rain and antecedent rainfall(mm) were analyzed for 18 landslide events that occurred in the southern and central regions of South Korea in June and July 2011. It was found that all of these landslides occurred by heavy rainfall for one or three days, with the rainfall intensity exceeding 30 mm/hr or with a cumulative rainfall of 200 mm. These plotted data are beyond the landslide warning criteria of Korea Forest Service and the critical line of landslide occurrence for Gyeongnam Province. It was also found that the time to landslide occurrence after rainfall start(T) was shortened with the increasing average rainfall intensity(ARI), showing an exponential-decay curve, and this relation can be expressed as "T = $94.569{\cdot}exp$($-0.068{\cdot}ARI$)($R^2$=0.64, p<0.001)". The findings in this study may provide important evidences for the landslide forecasting guidance service of Korea Forest Service as well as essential data for the establishment of non-structural measures such as a warning and evacuation system in the face of sediment disasters.