• Title/Summary/Keyword: Rain pattern

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A Study on the Present Condition and Characteristic of Appeared Contaminants on the Surface of Stone Cultural Properties-Focus on the Contaminants of Ten storied pagoda of Gyeongcheonsa (석조문화재 표면에 발생된 오염물 현황 및 특성에 관한 연구-경천사십층석탑에 발생된 오염물을 중심으로)

  • Kim, Jin-Hyung;Lee, Ju-Wan;Han, Kyoung-Soon;Do, Jin-Young
    • 보존과학연구
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    • s.24
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    • pp.29-60
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    • 2003
  • The conservation problem of stone cultural properties is widely influenced by environmental pollution nowadays as well as agingsymptoms itself. Most stone cultural properties are directly affected by air pollution such as smoke, acid-rain, etc., resulting surface separation and pulverization. In the case of Ten storied pagoda of Gyeongcheonsa, once located in the center of the Seoul, the surface shows excessive contaminant by air pollution. It is very difficult to identify chemical structure and formation system of these contaminant. Also the discoloration and stains on the surface are not pleasant to see. Through the examination of the contaminant by SEM-EDS, it is observed that the major mineral is Gypsum and many other minerals were also revealed. The contaminant layer seems to be thin and wide at the south face of pagoda and thick and narrow at the north face. This distribution pattern could provide information on the surface characteristics of pagoda. Further, the information could help to identify the relationship between geological and environmental factors and the surface patterns.

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Variation Characteristics of Annual Maximum Rainfall Series and Frequency-Based Rainfall in Korea (우리나라 연최대치 강우량 계열 및 확률강우량의 변화 특성)

  • Kim, Jae-Hvung
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.43-56
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    • 2002
  • About 12 rain gauge stations of Korea, annual maximum rainfall series of before and after 1980 whose durations are 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours respectively were composed and statistical characteristics of those time series were calculated and probability rainfall were estimated by L-moment frequency analysis method and compared each other in order to investigate the recent quantitative rainfall variations. And also, distribution curves of each statistical variations for each duration were constructed by using Kigging method to look into spacial rainfall variation aspects. As a result, We could confirm recent rainfall increase in the South Korea. And spatial increase pattern of standard deviation and frequency rainfall appeared analogously each other. 1n the cases of comparatively short rainfall duration, we could see relatively low increase or decrease tendency in Chungchong Province, Cholla-bukdo, Cholla-namdo eastern part, Kyongsang-namdo western part area. While, variations happened great1y in seaside district of east coast, southwest seashore, Inchon area etc. In the cases of longer durations relatively low increase was showed in southern seashore such as Yeosoo area and as distance recedes from this area, showed gradually augmented tendency. The aspect of mean looks similar tendency of above except that the variation rate of almost seaside district are big in the case of shorter durations. In addition, rainfall increases of short durations which became the center of hydrologist and meteorologist are unconfirmed in this study.

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A Study on the Uplift Capacity of Cylindrical Concrete Foundations for Pipe-Framed Greenhouse (파이프 골조온실의 원주형 콘크리트 기초의 인발저항력에 관한 연구)

  • ;;;;Shino Kazuo
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.109-119
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    • 1998
  • Recently pipe-framed greenhouses are widely constructed on domestic farm area. These greenhouses are extremely light-weighted structures and so are easily damaged under strong wind due to the lack of uplift resistance of foundation piles. This experiment was carried out by laboratory soil tank to investigate the displacement be haviors of cylindrical pile foundations according to the uplift loads. Tested soils were sampled from two different greenhouse areas. The treatment for each soil type are consisted of 3 different soil moisture conditions, 2 different soil depths, and 3 different soil compaction ratios. Each test was designed to be repeated 2 times and additional tests were carried out when needed. The results are summarized as follows : 1. When the soil moisture content are low and/or pile foundations are buried relatively shallow, ultimate uplift capacity of foundation soil was generated just after begining of uplift displacement. But under the high moisture conditions and/or deeply buried depth, ultimate up-lift capacity of foundation soil was generated before the begining of uplift displacement. 2. For the case of soil S$_1$, the ultimate uplift capacity of piles depending on moisture contents was found to be highest in optimum moisture condition and in the order of air dryed and saturated moisture contents. But for the case of soil S$_2$, the ultimate uplift capacity was found to be highest in optimum moisture condition and in the order of saturated and air dryed moisture contents. 3. Ultimate uplift capacities are varied depending on the pile foundation soil moisture conditions. Under the conditions of optimum soil moisture contents with 60cm soil depth, the ultimate uplift capacity of pile foundation in compaction ratio of 80%, 85%, and 90% for soil 51 are 76kg, 115kg, and 155kg, respectively, and for soil S$_2$are 36kg, 60kg, and 92kg, respectively. But considering that typical greenhouse uplift failure be occurred under saturnted soil moisture content which prevails during high wind storm accompanying heavy rain, pile foundation is required to be designed under the soil condition of saturated moisture content. 4. Approximated safe wind velosities estimated for soil sample S$_1$and S$_2$are 32.92m/s and 26.58m/s respectively under the optimum soil condition of 90% compaction ratio and optimum moisture content. But considering the uplift failure pattern under saturated moisture contents which are typical situations of high wind accompanying heavy rain, the safe wind velosities for soil sample S$_1$and S$_2$are not any higher than 20.33m/s and 22.69m/s respectively.

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Groundwater Environment of the Okmyong Waste Landfill in the Pohang City (포항 옥명 폐기물 매립지의 지하수 환경)

  • 정상용;이강근
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.223-232
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    • 1998
  • The Okmyong Waste Landfill which is one of major industrial waste landfills in Korea has been used for 10 years since January, 1988. The groundwater in range of 2∼3 km from the landfill is a little acidic and has high concentrations of EC, NO$_3$, and SO$_4$ because of acidic rain in Pohang. The groundwater pattern in Piper's trilinear diagram belongs to Ca-SO$_4$and Na-SO$_4$types, but Ca-SO$_4$type is more predominant. The groundwater of five monitoring wells at the landfill area is a litle alkaline and has high concentrations of TS, COD, Na, Cl, SO$_4$, Alkalinity and F because of the effect of the leachates. They also have high heavy metals of Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni but toxic organic compounds are not detected. Their groundwater pattern is Na-SO$_4$type and distinguished from the groundwater pattern Na-Cl types of the Nanjido and the Seokdae Municipal Waste Landfills. The range of groundwater contamination which is validated up to now is about 120m west from the entrance of the Okmyong Waste Landfill. To prevent the dispersion of the leachates to the outside, cutoff walls should be constructed at the boundary of the landfill. Several pumping wells should also be developed at the landfill so that the contaminated groundwater can be pumped and treated at a leachate-treatment plant in the landfill.

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A Study of the Personal Ornaments and Make-up of Maroccan (모로코인(人)의 장신구(裝身具)와 화장(化粧)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Soon-Hong
    • Journal of Fashion Business
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.15-34
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    • 2001
  • Ornaments are accessories for the decoration of the body or dress. They aren't unavoidably required one, but serve to make one's dress perfect as decorative industrial art objects. In Morocco, ornaments were initially used as a sign of social position or the class or an incantatory symbol. In effect, they were originally employed to adjust one's dress, not just for decoration, and they were of use for household economy. Gold, silver and handcraft available for exchange were a means of increasing one's property and an indication of social standing and wealth. In particular, the dress and jewelry of a bride was a measure of her family's wealth, regarded as a symbol of her chastity and value. The ornaments symbolically back up people's faith in supernatural power, and their real value is based on implicit form or way of decoration, not the external shape. Specifically, there is a tendency to use the form of animal as a protector, not one to frighten people. In the artistic tradition of Morocco, fish pattern stands for water and rain, and eagle and bird are considered to be related to fate. Scorpion and lizard are depicted as an inquirer of sun, and snake is a symbol of abundance and sexual instinct, being viewed to have an ability to cure disease. Turtle pattern is a symbol of saint because it protects one from the evil. The ornaments are made of gold, silver, amber, clam, garnet, glass, nielle, enamel, glaze, coral or tree, and symbolic patterns are used, including hand(a symbol of five numerals), turtle, lizard, scorpion, eye, triangle, bird and eggs. They are very big and diverse, being categorized into ornaments for the head or the chest, neckless, fibula, earring, bracelet and ring. For Moroccans, make-up is a sort of instinctive behavior to meet aesthetic and sexual desire. They also wear make-up for practical purpose of protection, intentionally inflict a wound on the skin for ceremonial or religious purpose, paint the skin with pigment, or have the part of the body tattooed for incantatory purpose. All this actions are regarded as make-up. The raw material of cosmetics is aker, a vegetable dye. They get the lips or cheeks turn red and paint eyebrows with yellow saffran powder to have a bad devil lose its strength. Tattooing is mainly done by women and viewed as a sign of their value or social organization they belong to. Sometimes that is used to represent a woman's being old enough to marry or getting married already or the frequency of marriage. Besides, tattoo is believed to prevent or remedy loose bowels or cough, depending on its location or pattern, and they often change tattoo according to the change of beauty art.

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Inflow at Ssangyongmun Gate During the Goryeo Dynasty and Its Identity (고려시대 쌍룡문경(雙龍紋鏡) 유입(流入)과 독자성(獨自性))

  • Choi, Juyeon
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.52 no.2
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    • pp.142-171
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    • 2019
  • The dragon is an imaginary animal that appears in the legends and myths of the Orient and the West. While dragons have mostly been portrayed as aggressive and as bad omens in the West, in the Orient, as they symbolize the emperor or have an auspicious meaning, dragons signify a positive meaning. In addition, as the dragon symbolizes the emperor and its type has been diversified considering it as a divine object that controls water, people have tried to express it as a figure. The records related to dragons in the Goryeo dynasty appeared with diverse topics in 'History of Goryeo' and are generally contents related to founding myths, rituals for rain, and Shinii (神異), etc. The founding myth emphasizes the legality of the Goryeo dynasty through the dragon, and this influenced the formation of the dragon's descendants. In addition, the ability to control water, which is a characteristic of the dragon, was symbolized as an earth dragon related to the rainmaking ritual, i.e., wishing for rain during times of drought. Since the dragon was the symbol of the royal family, the use of the dragon by common people was strictly restricted. Furthermore, the association of a bronze dragon mirror with the royal family is hard to be excluded. The type and quantity of bronze double dragon mirrors discovered to have existed during the Goryeo dynasty is great, and the production and the distribution of bronze mirrors with double dragons seem to have been more active compared to other bronze mirrors, as bronze mirrors with double dragons produced during Goryeo and bronze mirrors originating in China were mixed. Therefore, in this article, the characteristics of diverse bronze mirrors from the 10th century to the 14th century in China were examined. It seems that the master craftsmen who produced bronze mirrors with double dragons during the Goryeo dynasty were influenced by Chinese composition patterns when making the mirrors. Because there were many cases where a bronze mirror's country of origin could not easily be determined, in order to identify the differences between bronze double dragon mirrors produced during the Goryeo dynasty and bronze mirrors produced in China, meticulous analysis was required. Thus, to ascertain that Goryeo mirrors were not imitations of bronze mirrors with double dragons originating in China but produced independently, the mirrors were examined using the bronze double dragon mirror type classification system existing in our country. Bronze mirrors with double dragons are classified into three types: Type I, which has the style of the Yao dynasty, includes the greatest proportion; however, despite there being only a small quantity for comparison, Types II and III were selected for the analysis of the bronze mirrors with double dragons made in Goryeo because they have unique composition patterns. As mentioned above, distinguishing bronze mirrors made during Goryeo from bronze mirrors made in China is challenging because Goryeo bronze mirrors were made under the influence of China. Among them, since the manufacturing place of the bronze mirrors with double dragons found at the nine-story stone pagoda in Woljeongsa Temple in Pyeongchang is questionable and the composition pattern of the bronze mirror is hard to find on bronze mirrors with double dragons made in China, the manufacturing place of those bronze mirrors were examined. These bronze mirrors with double dragons were considered as bronze mirrors with double dragons made during the Goryeo dynasty adopting the Yao dynasty style composition pattern as aspects of the composition pattern belonged to Type I, and the detailed combination of patterns is hard to find in mirrors produced in China.

The Case Study of Economic Value Assessment of Spring Rainfall in the Aspect of Water Resources (수자원 측면에서의 봄비의 경제적 가치평가 사례 연구)

  • Park, So-Yeon;Ryoo, Kyong-Sik;Kim, Jung-Yun;Kim, Baek-Jo
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.193-205
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    • 2014
  • The direct-runoff of South Korea's representative dams (Soyanggang, Chungju, Andong, Daecheong, and Seomjingang) and precipitation were analyzed mainly with the evenly distributed spring rainfall events across the country for the last five years. For precipitation, an increasing was presented during the period 2008-2011, but did not continue to increasing 2012. The average precipitation of the five dams displayed a similar trend. Except for Chungju and Andong Dams, the trend of runoff was similar to the one shown in the precipitation. Despite the precipitation of 2009 increased, the runoff volume decreased for Andong and Chungju Dams. In addition, Chungju Dam remarkably showed a bigger runoff volume compared to other dams. As for the Sumjingang Dam, the runoff volume was the smallest, and the difference is as great as over 15-fold when compared to other runoff values. After the result of analyzing the relation between a single runoff event and synoptic weather patterns, pattern 4 contributed to the greatest impact on this event and weather patterns. The total runoff volume of the five dams for spring rain event for the last five years that exhibited this characteristic was estimated at 5.68 billion tons($10^6m^3$). Lastly, the value of this estimation was assessed as approximately 273.1 billion KRW.

A Study on Heavy Rainfall Guidance Realized with the Aid of Neuro-Fuzzy and SVR Algorithm Using AWS Data (AWS자료 기반 SVR과 뉴로-퍼지 알고리즘 구현 호우주의보 가이던스 연구)

  • Kim, Hyun-Myung;Oh, Sung-Kwun;Kim, Yong-Hyuk;Lee, Yong-Hee
    • The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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    • v.63 no.4
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    • pp.526-533
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    • 2014
  • In this study, we introduce design methodology to develop a guidance for issuing heavy rainfall warning by using both RBFNNs(Radial basis function neural networks) and SVR(Support vector regression) model, and then carry out the comparative studies between two pattern classifiers. Individual classifiers are designed as architecture realized with the aid of optimization and pre-processing algorithm. Because the predictive performance of the existing heavy rainfall forecast system is commonly affected from diverse processing techniques of meteorological data, under-sampling method as the pre-processing method of input data is used, and also data discretization and feature extraction method for SVR and FCM clustering and PSO method for RBFNNs are exploited respectively. The observed data, AWS(Automatic weather wtation), supplied from KMA(korea meteorological administration), is used for training and testing of the proposed classifiers. The proposed classifiers offer the related information to issue a heavy rain warning in advance before 1 to 3 hours by using the selected meteorological data and the cumulated precipitation amount accumulated for 1 to 12 hours from AWS data. For performance evaluation of each classifier, ETS(Equitable Threat Score) method is used as standard verification method for predictive ability. Through the comparative studies of two classifiers, neuro-fuzzy method is effectively used for improved performance and to show stable predictive result of guidance to issue heavy rainfall warning.

A Study on urban runoff by deter ministic simulation techniques. (확정론적 모의기법에 의한 도시유출 해석에 관한 연구)

  • 이은영;강관원
    • Water for future
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.37-47
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    • 1982
  • In the past, the design flow of the urban storm drainage systems has been used largely on a basis of empirical and experience, and the rational formula one of empirical method has been widely used for our country, as well as world wide. But the empirical method has insufficient factor because minimal consideration is given to the relationship of the parameters in the equation to the processes being considered, and considerable use of experience and judgment in setting values to the coefficients in the equation is made. The postcomputer era of hydrology has brought an acceleration development of mathematical methods, thus mathematical models are methods which will greatly increase our understanding in hydrology. On this study, a simple mathematical model of urban presented by British Road Research Laboratory is tested on urban watersheds in Ju An Ju Gong Apartment. The basin is located in Kan Seog Dong, Inchon. The model produces a runoff hydrograph by applying rain all to only the directly connected impervious area of the basin. To apply this model the basin is divided into contributing areas or subbasins. With this information the time area for contributing is derived. The rainfall hyetograph to design storm for the basin flow has been obtained by determination of total rainfall and the temporal distribution of that rainfall determined on the basis of Huff's method form historical rainfall data of the basin. The inflows from several subbaisns are successively routed down the network of reaches from the upstream end to the outlet. A simple storage routing technique is used which involves the use of the Manning equation to compute the stage discharge curve for the cross-section in question. To apply the model to a basin, the pattern of impervious areas must be known in detail, as well as the slopes and sizes of all surface and subsurface drains.

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Simulation of Daily Soil Moisture Content and Reconstruction of Drought Events from the Early 20th Century in Seoul, Korea, using a Hydrological Simulation Model, BROOK

  • Kim, Eun-Shik
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.47-57
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    • 2010
  • To understand day-to-day fluctuations in soil moisture content in Seoul, I simulated daily soil moisture content from 1908 to 2009 using long-term climatic precipitation and temperature data collected at the Surface Synoptic Meteorological Station in Seoul for the last 98 years with a hydrological simulation model, BROOK. The output data set from the BROOK model allowed me to examine day-to-day fluctuations and the severity and duration of droughts in the Seoul area. Although the soil moisture content is highly dependent on the occurrence of precipitation, the pattern of changes in daily soil moisture content was clearly quite different from that of precipitation. Generally, there were several phases in the dynamics of daily soil moisture content. The period from mid-May to late June can be categorized as the initial period of decreasing soil moisture content. With the initiation of the monsoon season in late June, soil moisture content sharply increases until mid-July. From the termination of the rainy season in mid-July, daily soil moisture content decreases again. Highly stochastic events of typhoons from late June to October bring large amount of rain to the Korean peninsula, culminating in late August, and increase the soil moisture content again from late August to early September. From early September until early October, another sharp decrease in soil moisture content was observed. The period from early October to mid-May of the next year can be categorized as a recharging period when soil moisture content shows an increasing trend. It is interesting to note that no statistically significant increase in mean annual soil moisture content in Seoul, Korea was observed over the last 98 years. By simulating daily soil moisture content, I was also able to reconstruct drought phenomena to understand the severity and duration of droughts in Seoul area. During the period from 1908 to 2009, droughts in the years 1913, 1979, 1939, and 2006 were categorized as 'severe' and those in 1988 and 1982 were categorized as 'extreme'. This information provides ecologists with further potential to interpret natural phenomenon, including tree growth and the decline of tree species in Korea.