• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.234-243
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics and antioxidative properties of cookies supplemented with mulberry pomace (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%). The bulk density, spread ratio, and leavening rate of cookies decreased with increasing amounts of mulberry pomace. The lightness and b value (of the Hunter color system) decreased based on the amount of mulberry pomace. The pH of cookies decreased (acidity increased) with increasing mulberry pomace. The soluble solid content increased according to the amount of added mulberry pomace, but the amount of reducing sugars decreased. In texture analysis, cookies with 12% mulberry pomace had the highest hardness. Total phenol and flavonoid content increased according to the amount of mulberry pomace added. Antioxidant activities, such as DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, and FRAP were highest in cookies with 12% mulberry pomace. In the sensory evaluation, sensory scores for color, taste, flavor, texture, and overall preference were highest in cookies with 8% mulberry pomace. Thus, our results suggest that the optimum amount of mulberry pomace to add to cookies is 8%.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 2017

This study aims to make extruded rice snack with high quality in texture and nutrition by adding mealworm. Addition of the mealworm has the merit to fill in high-quality protein and unsaturated fatty acids which are insufficient in rice. Thus, the physicochemical properties were investigated through the process of extrusion cooking. As the extrusion process varied, the die temperatures were set to $120^{\circ}C$ and $130^{\circ}C$. Also, the moisture contents were adjusted to 30% and 35%. The specific length, the expansion ratio, and the water absorption index increased as the added content of mealworm became higher. On the contrary, the density, the breaking strength, the apparent elastic modulus, and the water solubility index decreased. As mealworm and moisture content increased, DPPH radical scavenging activity significantly increased but the rancidity decreased. As a result, the addition of mealworm to the extruded rice snack was effective in improving texture, nutrition, and antioxidation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.251-258
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• 2015

Eurycoma longifolia is an important rare medicinal plant that contains valuable bioactive compounds. In the present study, cell suspension culture of E. longifolia was established for the production of biomass and phenolic compounds. Various medium parameters, such as concentration of auxin, salt strength of the medium, and sucrose and nitrogen concentrations, were optimized for the production of biomass at the flask-scale level. Full strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with $3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 3% (w/v) sucrose, 0:60 $NH{_4}^+:NO{_3}^-$ was found suitable for biomass accumulation. Based on the optimized flask-scale parameters, cell suspension cultures were established in balloon-type bubble bioreactors, and bioprocess parameters such as inoculum density and aeration rate were optimized. Inoculum density of $50g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and increasing aeration rate from 0.05 to 0.3 vvm, with increases every 7 days, were suitable for the accumulation of both biomass and phenolic compounds. With the optimized conditions, $14.70g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ dry biomass, $10.33mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ DW of phenolics and $3.89mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ DW of flavonoids could be achieved. Phenolics isolated from the cell biomass showed optimal free radical scavenging activity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.96-104
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• 2006

Insamsansa-eum (Renshenshanzha-yin, ISE) is a new medicine developed to prevent and treat atherosclerotic diseases. To explore antiatherosclerotic effects of ISE, we evaluated the effects of ISE on serum lipids of hypercholesterolemic rats in vivo, as well as its antioxidant activities in vitro. In vitro, ISE showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radical scavenging activities, and inhibited hemolysis induced by 2,2' -azobis-2-amidinopropane dihydrochloride (AAPH) in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, ISE significantly inhibited increase of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) values in both high cholesterol diet and Triton WR-1339 models. It also significantly inhibited decrease of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) value in the high cholesterol diet model. Collectively, our data suggest that ISE has the potential to control the risk of atherosclerosis development.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.2013-2018
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• 2014

The adsorption and decomposition of trimethylene oxide ($C_3H_6O$) molecule on the Al(111) surface were investigated by the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of density functional theory (DFT). The calculations employed a supercell ($6{\times}6{\times}3$) slab model and three-dimensional periodic boundary conditions. The strong attractive forces between $C_3H_6O$ molecule and Al atoms induce the C-O bond breaking of the ring $C_3H_6O$ molecule. Subsequently, the dissociated radical fragments of $C_3H_6O$ molecule oxidize the Al surface. The largest adsorption energy is about -260.0 kJ/mol in V3, V4 and P2, resulting a ring break at the C-O bond. We also investigated the decomposition mechanism of $C_3H_6O$ molecules on the Al(111) surface. The activation energies ($E_a$) for the dissociations V3, V4 and P2 are 133.3, 166.8 and 174.0 kJ/mol, respectively. The hcp site is the most reactive position for $C_3H_6O$ decomposing.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate biological activities concerning extracts according to extraction methods from unripened fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq. The extraction methods were HWE (hot water extraction for 4 hr at $100^{\circ}C$), SFE (extraction for 3 hr at $40^{\circ}C$ under 300 bar, 100% of $CO_2$ fluid), USE (ultrasonification extraction for 4 hr at $50^{\circ}C$ with water), USE+HWE (hot water extraction for 2 hr at $100^{\circ}C$ after ultrasonification process for 2 hr), VE (vacuum extraction for 4 hr at $90^{\circ}C$ under 0.9 bar with water). VE extract showed the highest contents of total polyphenol ($178.78{\pm}3.79\;mg/g$) and total flavonoid ($40.93{\pm}0.68\;mg/g$). $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging activity, linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition activity and LDL (low density lipoprotein) oxidation inhibition activity of HWE extract showed the lowest $35.39{\pm}0.25{\mu}g/mL$, $12.61{\pm}0.31{\mu}g/mL$ and $1.31{\pm}0.02{\mu}g/mL$ among other all extracts, respectively. $IC_{50}$ values of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of VE and HWE extracts showed lower $14.34{\pm}0.20{\mu}g/mL$ and $15.83{\pm}0.20{\mu}g/mL$ than those of other extracts, respectively. Specifically, HWE and VE extracts have relatively better biological activities than other extracts; these could be potentially used as a bioactive source for health functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.959-964
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• 2001

We investigated the etching characteristics of YMnO$_3$ thin films in high-density plasma etching system. In this study, YMnO$_3$ thin films were etched with CF$_4$/Ar gas chemistries in inductively coupled plasma(ICP). Etch rates of YMnO$_3$ increased up to 20% CF$_4$ in CF$_4$/(CF$_4$+Ar), but decreased with furthermore increasing CF$_4$ in CF$_4$/(CF$_4$+Ar). In optical emission spectroscopy (OES) analysis, F radical and Ar* ions in plasma at various gas chemistries decreased with increasing CF$_4$ content. Chemical states of YMnO$_3$ films exposed in plasma were investigated with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). There is a chemical reaction between metal (Y, Mn) and F and metal-fluorides were removed effectively by Ar ion sputtering. YF$_{x}$, MnF$_{x}$ such as YF, YF$_2$, YF$_3$ and MnF$_3$ were detected using SIMS analysis. The etch slope is about 65$^{\circ}$ and cleasn surface. surface of the etched YMnO$_3$ thin films was investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The etch profile was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).EM).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.631-638
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• 2009

GLEDITSIAE SPINA (GS) has been used as folk remedies traditionally for treatment of antiphlogistic and antifebrile agents. An ethanol extract and its fraction of GS were assessed to determine the mechanism of its antioxidant activity. Also, inhibitory effect of extract from GS and its fraction measuring the inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$-induced human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. GS ethanol extract and its fraction exhibited a concentration-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging activities, including trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), OPPH radical, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite and nitric oxide, using different assay systems. Furthermore, the GS ethanol extract and its fraction showed dose-dependent protection of LDL oxidation induced by $CuSO_4$. In addition, the GS ethanol extract and its fraction were characterized as containing a high amount of total phenolics. These results suggest that GS ethanol extract and its fraction might be helpful for preventing oxidative stress and protecting LDL oxidation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.271-280
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• 2016

The effects of $CO_2$ injection and barrel temperatures on the physiochemical and antioxidant properties of extruded cereals (sorghum, barley, oats, and millet) were studied. Extrusion was carried out using a twin-screw extruder at different barrel temperatures (80, 110, and $140^{\circ}C$), $CO_2$ injection (0 and 500 mL/min), screw speed of 200 rpm, and moisture content of 25%. Extrusion significantly increased the total flavonoid content (TFC) of extruded oats, and ${\beta}$-glucan and protein digestibility (PD) of extruded barley and oats. In contrast, there were significant reductions in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, PD of extruded sorghum and millet, as well as resistant starch (RS) of extruded sorghum and barley, and total phenolic content (TPC) of all extrudates, except extruded millet. At a barrel temperature of $140^{\circ}C$, TPC in extruded barley was significantly increased, and there was also an increase in DPPH and PD in extruded millet with or without $CO_2$ injection. In contrast, at a barrel temperature of $140^{\circ}C$, the TPC of extruded sorghum decreased, TFC of extruded oats decreased, and at a barrel temperature of $110^{\circ}C$, PD of extruded sorghum without $CO_2$ decreased. Some physical properties [expansion ratio (ER), specific length, piece density, color, and water absorption index] of the extrudates were significantly affected by the increase in barrel temperature. The $CO_2$ injection significantly affected some physical properties (ER, specific length, piece density, water solubility index, and water absorption index), TPC, DPPH, ${\beta}$-glucan, and PD. In conclusion, extruded barley and millet had higher potential for making value added cereal-based foods than the other cereals.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.41-53
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• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Silbi-san on the antioxidant and fat accumulation inhibition and to analyze the anti-obesity effect by analyzing the changes in serum lipid composition in obese mice. Methods We compared contents of phytochemicals like total polyphenols and total flavonoid and antioxidant activities such as 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2.2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity. After Silbi-san in 3T3-L1 cells in vitro and mouse adipose tissue ex vivo, we quantified intracellular triglyceride accumulation and lipolysis. Moreover, the anti-obesity activity though inhibiting pancreatic lipase were analyzed. In 3T3-L1 cells, morphological changes showed that control cells had many lipid while cells treated with Silbi-san had less lipid accumulation. 30% EtOH Silbi-san treatment also suppressed the fat absorption by inhibiting the activity of pancreatic lipase and led to high lipolysis through promoting glycerol release. The experimental group was divided into four groups: Normal group fed normal feed, Control group fed 60% high fat diet (HFD) and distilled water, drug group fed 60% high fat diet and 200 mg/kg of Silbi-san water extract, drug group fed 60% HFD and 200 mg/kg of Silbi-san 30% ethanol extract. Results Serum total cholesterol content and serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol content were significantly decreased in the Silbi-san extract group compared to the control group, serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol content was significantly increased in Silbi-san extract group. Conclusions In this study, the antioxidant and fat accumulation inhibitory effects of Silbi-san were confirmed.