• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.525-532
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• 2016

High-energy linear accelerators are increasingly used in the medical field. However, the unwanted photo-neutrons can also be contributed to the dose delivered to the patients during their treatments. In this study, neutron fluxes were measured in a solid water phantom placed at the isocenter 1-m distance from the head of an18-MV linac using the foil activation method. The produced activities were measured with a calibrated well-type Ge detector. From the measured fluxes, the total neutron fluence was found to be $(1.17{\pm}0.06){\times}10^7n/cm^2$ per Gy at the phantom surface in a $20{\times}20cm^2$ X-ray field size. The maximum photo-neutron dose was measured to be $0.67{\pm}0.04$ mSv/Gy at $d_{max}=5cm$ depth in the phantom at isocenter. The present results are compared with those obtained for different field sizes of $10{\times}10cm^2$, $15{\times}15cm^2$, and $20{\times}20cm^2$ from 10-, 15-, and 18-MV linacs. Additionally, ambient neutron dose equivalents were determined at different locations in the room and they were found to be negligibly low. The results indicate that the photo-neutron dose at the patient position is not a negligible fraction of the therapeutic photon dose. Thus, there is a need for reduction of the contaminated neutron dose by taking some additional measures, for instance, neutron absorbing-protective materials might be used as aprons during the treatment.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.175-186
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is directly measure and evaluate about absorbed dose change according to nominal energy and electron cone or medical accelerator on isodose curve, percentage depth dose, contaminated X-ray, inhomogeneous tissue, oblique surface and irradiation on intracavitary that electron beam with high energy distributed in tissue, and it settled standard data of hish energy electron beam treatment, and offer to exactly data for new dote distribution modeling study based on experimental resuls and theory. Electron beam with hish energy of $6{\sim}20$ MeV is used that generated from medical linear accelerator (Clinac 2100C/D, Varian) for the experiment, andwater phantom and Farmer chamber md Markus chamber und for absorbe d dose measurement of electron beam, and standard absorbed dose is calculated by standard measurements of International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) TRS 277. Dose analyzer (700i dose distribution analyzer, Wellhofer), film (X-OmatV, Kodak), external cone, intracavitary cone, cork, animal compact bone and air were used for don distribution measurement. As the results of absorbed dose ratio increased while irradiation field was increased, it appeared maximum at some irradiation field size and decreased though irradiation field size was more increased, and it decreased greatly while energy of electron beam was increased, and scattered dose on wall of electron cone was the cause. In percentage depth dose curve of electron beam, Effective depth dose(R80) for nominal energy of 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV are 1.85, 2.93, 4.07, 5.37 and 6.53 cm respectively, which seems to be one third of electron beam energy (MeV). Contaminated X-ray was generated from interaction between electron beam with high energy and material, and it was about $0.3{\sim}2.3\%$ of maximum dose and increased with increasing energy. Change of depth dose ratio of electron beam was compared with theory by Monte Carlo simulation, and calculation and measured value by Pencil beam model reciprocally, and percentage depth dose and measured value by Pencil beam were agreed almost, however, there were a little lack on build up area and error increased in pendulum and multi treatment since there was no contaminated X-ray part. Percentage depth dose calculated by Monte Carlo simulation appeared to be less from all part except maximum dose area from the curve. The change of percentage depth dose by inhomogeneous tissue, maximum range after penetration the 1 cm bone was moved 1 cm toward to surface then polystyrene phantom. In case of 1 cm and 2 cm cork, it was moved 0.5 cm and 1 cm toward to depth, respectively. In case of air, practical range was extended toward depth without energy loss. Irradiation on intracavitary is using straight and beveled type cones of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 $cm{\phi}$, and maximum and effective $80\%$ dose depth increases while electron beam energy and size of electron cone increase. In case of contaminated X-ray, as the energy increase, straight type cones were more highly appeared then beveled type. The output factor of intracavitary small field electron cone was $15{\sim}86\%$ of standard external electron cone($15{\times}15cm^2$) and straight type was slightly higher then beveled type.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.323-332
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• 1996

목적 : 방사선 치료에 있어서 조직내 등선량 분포곡선을 변형시킬 목적으로 쐐기 차폐물이 사용되고 있는데 최근 기존의 고정 쐐기와는 다르게 비대칭적인 콜리메이터인 Independent Jaw에 의해 등선량 분포곡선을 변형시키는 동적 쐐기 기법이 실용화 되고 있으나 아직 그 방사선 물리학적인 특성에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 이에 본 저자는 기존의 고정 쐐기와 비교하여 조직내 방사선량 분포의 특성을 알아보고자 본 연구를 계획하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 물 판톰, 폴리 스타이린 판톰, 평균 유방 모형 판톰을 대상으로 전리함, 필름, TLD 등을 이용하여 동적 쐐기와 고정 쐐기의 선량 분포를 측정하여 비교하였다. 방사선원은 선형 가속기의 6MV x선을 사용하였고 $15{\times}15$ 조사면에서 15, 30, 45도 쐐기를 이용하였다 조직내선량 분포는 전리함과 필름 선량계를 사용하였고, 유방 접선 치료방식에서의 반대편 유방 조사선량은 TLD를 사용하였다. 결과 : 1) 조직내 $\%$심도 선량은 고정 쐐기의 경우 심도 선량 깊이가 깊어지는 방사선의 경화 현상이 뚜렷하였으나 동적 쐐기의 경우에는 발견할 수 없었으며 그 $\%$심도선량은 개방 조사면과 유사하였다. 2) 조직내 등선량 분포 곡선을 보면 동적 쐐기의 경우 고정 쐐기와는 달리 원하는 깊이, 원하는 조사면에서 원하는 쐐기 각도를 얻을 수 있었으며 쐐기 각도를 이루는 등선량 분포 곡선이 고정 쐐기에 비해 더욱 직선적이었다. 3) 산란선량은 동적 쐐기의 경우 개방 조사면과 그 양이 거의 동일하였으며 유방보존술에서의 접선 조사방식의 방사선치료에서 고정 쐐기 대신에 동적 쐐기를 사용함으로써 반대측 유방으로의 피폭선량을 감소시킬 수 있었다. 결론적으로 동적 쫴기 기법은 단순히 고정 쐐기를 대체할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 고정 쐐기의 단점을 보완해 줄 수 있으며 향후 방사선 치료에 있어서 더 다양한 유용성을 가질 수 있으리라 생각한다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.261-268
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• 2010

고 에너지 광자선 치료 시 공동의 존재로 인한 실험적 선량분포와 치료계획상의 선량분포의 변화를 비교, 평가 하고자 하였으며, 선형가속기의 6 MV 광자선을 이용해서 폴리스틸렌 팬텀, 자체 제작한 아크릴 팬텀으로 공동을 만들고 표면에서 공동까지의 거리는 3 cm로 하고 선원-측정기간 거리는 100 cm로 고정하였고 공동의 크기는 가로 $\times$ 세로 $\times$ 높이로 정하였다. 공동의 넓이, 높이, 존재 유무, 그리고 조사면과 공동의 크기비율에 따른 깊이에 대한 선량변화를 평판형전리함과 미소전류계를 이용하여 측정하였다. 치료계획상의 선량분포는 불균질 보정을 하고 치료계획을 하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 공동의 넓이가 커짐에 따라 선량은 점차 감소하였다. 공동의 존재 시에, 공동후면 이후 깊이선량은 공동의 비존재시보다 크게 나타났다. 공동의 크기를 $5{\times}5{\times}3\;cm^3$로 고정했을 때 조사면이 $4{\times}4\;cm^2$, $5{\times}5\;cm^2$, $6{\times}6\;cm^2$일 경우에 rebuild-up이 일어났다. 그러나 조사면이 $10{\times}10\;cm^2$에서는 선량감소만이 나타났다. 또한 조사면을 $5{\times}5\;cm^2$로 고정했을 때, 공동의 넓이가 $4{\times}4\;cm^2$, $5{\times}5\;cm^2$일 경우에는 rebuild-up현상이 일어났지만, $2{\times}2\;cm^2$, $3{\times}3\;cm^2$일 경우에는 일어나지 않았다. 모든 경우에서 치료계획상의 선량분포에서 rebuild-up 현상이 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 공동이 위치한 곳에 종양이 존재할 때는 치료계획상의 선량분포에 차이가 있으므로 주의를 할 필요가 있다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.509-517
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• 2023

This study analyzed imaging conditions and exposure index through clinical information collection and dose calculation programs in coronary angiography examinations. Through this, we aim to analyze the effective dose according to examination conditions and provide basic data for dose optimization. In this study, ALARA(As Low As Reasonably Achievable)-F(Fluoroscopy), a program for evaluating the radiation dose of patients and the collected clinical data, was used. First, analysis of imaging conditions and exposure index was performed based on the data of the dose report generated after coronary angiography. Second, after evaluating organ dose according to 9 imaging directions during coronary angiography, with the LAO fixed at 30°, dose evaluation was performed according to tube voltage, tube current, number of frames, focus-skin distance, and field size. Third, the effective dose for each organ was calculated according to the tissue weighting factors presented in ICRP(International Commission on Radiological Protection) recommendations. As a result, the average sum of air kerma during coronary angiography was evaluated as 234.0±112.1 mGy, the dose-area product was 25.9±13.0 Gy·cm², and the total fluoroscopy time was 2.5±2.0 min. Also, the organ dose tended to increase as the tube voltage, milliampere-second, number of frames, and irradiation range increased, whereas the organ dose decreased as the FSD increased. Therefore, medical radiation exposure to patients can be reduced by selecting the optimal tube voltage and field size during coronary angiography, maximizing the focal-skin distance, using the lowest tube current possible, and reducing the number of frames.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.15-31
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• 1995

The radiosurgery treatment is one time, non surgical approach to the treatment of patients with intracranial disorders whose conditions would be difficult or dangerous to treat with conventional sugical procedures. The LINAC based radiosurgery is based on the combination of multiple isocentric arc irradiation with small fields centered in the stereotactic target. The absorption of the beam in a tissue equivalent medium, such as water, as well as the uniformity, or profile, of the beam must be precisely documented. The beam characteristics and dosimetric measurememts of the 6MV X-ray beam from a ML-6M linear accelerator are examined. The percent depth dose (PDD) and beam profile (including flatness, symmetry and penumbra) is calibrated with the radiosurgery cone in water phantom. The cone is made of lead which size is from $10{\times}10mm{\phi}$ to $30{\times}30mm{\phi}$ All of these dosimetric measurements sufficiently characterized the beam to permit safe clinical use.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.910-914
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• 2010

A novel synthetic route has been developed to prepare $\alpha$-cobalt hydroxide with intercalated nitrate anions. It was successfully synthesized by $\gamma$-ray irradiation under simple conditions, i.e., air atmosphere, without base. Under $\gamma$-ray irradiation, it leads to the formation of layered cobalt hydroxynitrate compounds which have small crystalline size and have the role of a generator of hydroxyl anion. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed by using power X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The component and thermal stability of the sample were respectively measured by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermal analyses, including thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.601-607
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• 2022

In recent years, monitoring of spent nuclear fuel inside dry cask storage has become an important area of national security. Muon tomography is a useful method for monitoring spent nuclear fuel because it uses high energy muons that penetrate deep into the target material and provides a 3-D structure of the inner materials. We designed a muon tomography system consisting of four 2-D position sensitive detector and characterized and optimized the system parameters. Each detector, measuring 200 × 200 cm², consists of a plastic scintillator, wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers and, SiPMs. The reconstructed image is obtained by extracting the intersection of the incoming and outgoing muon tracks using a Point-of-Closest-Approach (PoCA) algorithm. The Geant4 simulation was used to evaluate the performance of the muon tomography system and to optimize the design parameters including the pixel size of the muon detector, the field of view (FOV), and the distance between detectors. Based on the optimized design parameters, the spent fuel assemblies were modeled and the line profile was analyzed to conduct a feasibility study. Line profile analysis confirmed that muon tomography system can monitor nuclear spent fuel in dry storage container.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 2008

목 적: 뇌정위적 방사선수술시 이용되는 콜리메이터의 크기 변화에 따른 검출기 의존성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 본 실험을 위해 6 MV 광자선(CL21EX, Varian, Palo Alto), 이온전리함(CC01, CC13, Wellhofer, Germany), 정위적 다이오드검출기(SFD, Wellhofer, Germany)를 사용하였다. 심부선량백분율(PDD)의 검출기 의존성을 평가하기 위해 Brain Lab사의 콜리메이터(${\varphi}$5, 10, 20, 30 mm)와 $10{\times}10\;cm^2$에서 측정, 비교하였다. 선량측면도(dose profile)는 SAD 100 cm에서 콜리메이터(${\varphi}$10, 30 mm)와 $10{\times}10\;cm^2$를 측정하여 반치폭(FWHM; full width half maximum)과 반음영(20∼80%)을 비교하였다. 선량출력인자의 측정을 위해 선량최대깊이에서 콜리메이터(${\varphi}$5, 10, 20, 30 mm)의 출력을 측정하였으며, 정방형 조사면($10{\times}10\;cm^2$)의 출력 값을 기준으로 정규화 하였다. 결 과: 검출기에 따른 PDD의 영향을 평가하기 위해 PDD20,10 (PDD20/PDD10)을 비교하였다. 콜리메이터 ${\varphi}$5 mm에서는 SFD 51.3%, CC01 50%, CC13 58%로 측정되었고, 다른 콜리메이터에서는 최대 1%의 측정값 차이를 보였다. 선량측면도 평가에서 FWHM은 0.1∼0.4 mm의 차이를 보였다. 반음영은 ${\varphi}$10 mm에서 SFD 3.2 mm, CC01 7.1 mm, CC13 9.4 mm로 측정되었고, ${\varphi}$30 mm에서 SFD 4 mm, CC01 6.7 mm, CC13 12.4 mm로 측정되었다. $10{\times}10\;cm^2$에서는 SFD 6.6 mm, CC01 8.6 mm, CC13 12.2 mm로 측정되었다. 선량출력인자는 ${\varphi}$20 mm 이상에서 검출기별 최대 2%의 차이를 보였다. ${\varphi}$5 mm에서는 SFD 85%, CC01 61%, CC13 24%로 측정되었고, ${\varphi}$10 mm에서는 SFD 94%, CC01 85%, CC13 71%로 측정되었다. 실험결과 PDD는 CC13이 조사면에 충분히 포함되지 않은 ${\varphi}$5 mm에서 최대 16%의 차이를 보였고, 선량측면도의 FWHM은 검출기별 최대 0.4 mm의 차이를 보였다. 선량측면도의 반음영은 ${\varphi}$30 mm에서 최대 8.4 mm 차이를 보였고, 출력선량인자는 ${\varphi}$5 mm에서 최대 72%의 차이를 나타냈다. 결 론: 뇌정위적 방사선수술을 시행하는데 있어 정확한 선량을 측정할 수 있는 검출기를 선택하는 것은 무엇보다 중요하다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 측정을 통한 작은 원형조사면 선량계측에서 정위적 다이오드 검출기가 이온전리함에 비해 선량의 특성을 평가하는데 있어 유용함을 알 수 있었다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2000

Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to estimate the radiation absorbed doses in certain critical organs in the head and neck region with an Orthopos plus, a Panelipse, and a Panex-E machines. The second objective was to compare the absorbed doses between 5 inch by 12 inch and 6 inch by 12 inch image field for the Orthopos plus. Materials and Methods: Rando phantom and LiF TLD chips were used for dosimetry. The absorbed doses were measured at the thyroid gland, the submandibular gland, the parotid gland, the mouth floor, the maxillary sinus, the brain, the mandibular body, the mandibular ramus, the 2nd cervical spine and the skin over TMJ area. Results: The highest absorbed dose value was recorded at the mandibular ramus for the Orthopos plus with narrow image field. Higher absorbed dose values were recorded at the parotid gland, the mouth floor, the submandibular gland, and the 2nd cervical spine. The doses in the parotid gland were 597 μGy and 529 μGy with Orthopos plus, 638 μGy with Panelipse, and 1094μGy with Panex-E. Corresponding figures for the mandibular ramus were 2363 Gy and 1220 μGy, 248 μGy, and 118 μGy. The absorbed doses to the thyroid gland, the maxillary sinus, the brain, and the skin over TMJ were very low. Conclusion: Higher exposure values were recorded for the Orthopos plus than Panelipse and Panex-E. There was no significant differences of the absorbed doses according to the image field size.