• 핵의학기술
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2015

Purpose As medical radiation exposures on patients are being social issues an interest in a relief of radiation exposures on patients is increasing. Further, there are many cases where some patients among who are getting PET/CT tests choose to get implanted with metal artifacts in their bodies. This study is to find out effects of presence or absence of metal artifacts when dose change or CT attenuation correction for the relief of radiation exposures are applied using phantoms through changes in standard uptake value (SUV). Materials and Methods GE company's Discovery 710 machine was used for PET/CT test equipments. We used NEMA IEC body phantoms. We also used screw and mesh cage made of titanium which are used in real clinical processes for the metal artifacts. Two experiments were conducted: One is to test and measure repeatedly about SUV about differences in CT attenuation corrections according to dose changes and another is to do the same procedure for SUV about the presence and absence of the metal artifacts. We injected $^{18}F-FDG$ into NEMA IEC body phantoms with a TBR ratio of 4:1 and then put the metal material into the transformation phantoms. Once a scanning for the metal artifacts was done we eliminated the metal artifacts and went on non-metal artifacts. For the each two experiments, we scanned repeatedly with CT kVp (140, 120, 100, 80) and mA (120, 80, 40, 20, 10) for an experimental condition. For PET, we reconstructed each with standard AC (STD) technique and quantitation achieved cnsistently QAC) technique among CT attenuation correction methods. We conducted a comparative analysis on measured average values and variations which were measured through repeated measure of SUV of region 1, 2, 3 spheres for each conditions of non-metal /metal scan. Results For each kVp, 120, 80, 40 (mA) of non/metal (screw, mesh cage) showed low frequency of fluctuation rates of above 2%. In 20, 10 mA above 2% of fluctuation rates appeared in high frequency. Also, when we compared the fluctuation rates of STD and QAC techniques in non/metal (screw, mesh cage) tests QAC technique showed about 1-10% of differences for each conditions compared to STD technique. In addition, metal types did not have significant effects on fluctuation rates. Conclusion We confirmed that SUV fluctuation rates for both STD and QAC techniques increase as dosage is lower. We also found that the SUV of PET data was maintained steadily in a low dosage for QAC technique when compared with STD technique. Hence, when the low dosage is used for the relief of radiation exposures on patients QAC technique may be exploited helpfully and this could be applied in the same way for patients with metal artifacts implanted in their bodies.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2017

감마선, 전자빔 등과 같은 전리방사선과 자외선을 이용하는 물리적 멸균방법은 살균 효과와 경제성이 우수하므로 다양한 산업분야에서 사용되고 있으나, 미생물의 돌연변이를 유발하는 요인으로 작용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 전리방사선 및 자외선의 유전학적 안전성을 평가하기 위해서 Salmonella enterica와 Escherichia coli 균주에 자외선, 감마선, 전자빔을 조사한 후에 생존율, 돌연변이율, DNA 손상 효과를 조사하였다. 자외선, 감마선, 전자빔의 조사선량이 증가함에 따라 시험 균주의 생존율이 모두 급격히 감소하였으며, 90% 이상이 사멸되는 조사선량은 각각 $0.40{\sim}25.06mJ/cm^3$, 0.11~0.22 kGy, 0.14~0.53 kGy 이었다. SOS/umu-test에서는 자외선, 감마선, 전자빔에 노출된 모든 시료에서 DNA 손상을 유발하는 유전독성이 확인되었다. Ames test에서는 자외선과 감마선에 노출된 후에 복귀 돌연변이율이 각각 $3.82{\times}10^{-4}$, $9.84{\times}10^{-6}$까지 증가하였다. S. enterica TA100의 사멸율이 99.99% 이상 되는 선량의 자외선, 감마선, 전자빔에서의 복귀 돌연변이율은 각각 자연돌연변이율 대비 347배, 220배, 0.6배 증가하였다. E. coli CSH100 균주를 자외선, 감마선, 전자빔에 노출시킨뒤에 조사한 리팜피신내성 돌연변이율은 각각 $2.46{\times}10^{-6}$, $1.66{\times}10^{-6}$, $4.12{\times}10^{-7}$ 이었다. 따라서 사멸효과의 관점에서는 감마선 처리가 미생물 제어에 효과적이라 할 수 있으며, 전자빔은 DNA 손상과 세균돌연변이를 적게 유발하며 사멸효과를 얻는 장점이 있다고 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 1973

방부제(防腐劑)와 감마선(線)을 병용(倂用)한 pork sausage 의 저장효과를 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량적(殘存量的) 면(面)에서 비교 검토하기 위하여 저장 중 방부제잔존량(防腐劑殘存量)과 세균수(細菌數) 및 pH 를 저장온도별로 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 조사(照射)직후 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량(殘存量)은 조사선량(照射線量)에 비례하여 감소를 하였으며, AF-2에 비하여 K-SOA가 예민한 감수성(感受性)을 나타내었다(P<0.01). 2) 저장중 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량(殘存量)은 선량(線量)의 증가와 저온저장(低溫貯藏)에서 잔존율(殘存率)이 높았으며 K-SOA 보다는 AF-2의 감소율이 적었다. 3) 세균수(細菌數)의 증가는 방부제(防腐劑)의 잔존율(殘存率)과 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)을 보여(P<0.01) 선량(線量)의 증가, 저온저장(低溫貯藏) 및 AF-2가 세균증식억제(細菌增殖抑制)에 주요(主要)한 역할을 했음이 인정되었다. 4) 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량(殘存量)과 세균수(細菌數) 및 관능검사결과(官能檢査結果)와의 관계에서 0.50 Mrad 조사구(照射區)가 방부제(防腐劑) 잔존량(殘存量)이나 저장성(貯藏性)에서 가장 우월하였고 조사취(照射臭) 및 산패취(酸敗臭)를 전연 생성하지 않았으므로 적정선량(適正線量)으로 하였다. 5) 소세지 표면(表面)의 heme 계색소(系色素)에 대한 감마선(線) 조사(照射)의 영향은 거의 인정할 수 없었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.145-153
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• 1993

Retaining a drug in the stomach by some means is sometimes necessary to extend the G1 absorption time of the drug more than 6-8 hrs. Hydrogel has often been examined for its feasibility as a dosage form, so called platform, that could be retained in the stomach due to its excellent swelling properties in the gastric fluid. In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) hydrogel crosslinked by albumin or acrylated albumin was synthesized in a tablet form and evaluated for its possibility as the platform. The synthesis of the hydrogel was performed by $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}-ray$ irradiation of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (monomer) in the presence of a crosslinking agent: aqueous solution of albumin or acrylated albumin. Synthetic conditions such as radiation dose, dose rate and concentration of crosslinking agent were varied in order to optimize the swelling and mechanical properties of the hydrogels. Degree of swelling of albumin-crosslinked PVP (Al-PVP) was highly dependent on radiation dose, dose rate and albumin concentration: it was decreased as they increased. On the other hand, that of acrylated albumin-crosslinked PVP (Acryl-PVP) was almost independent on them except dose rate: it was decreased as the radiation dose rate increased. The compressive strength of the two hydrogels was decreased as the dose rate increased. Digestion of both PVP in artificial gastric fluid containing pepsin was delayed by the ${\gamma}-ray$ irradiation. In conclusion, Al-PVP and Acry-PVP with diverse swelling and mechanical properties could be obtained by controlling synthetic conditions, mainly the irradiation dose rate.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

The deteriorative effect of ultraviolet-B(UV-B) radiation on photosynthesis was assessed by the simultaneous measurement of O$_2$ evolution and chlorophyll(Chl) fluorescence in green pepper. UV-B was given at the intensity of 1 W$.$m$\^$-2/, a dosage often encountered in urban area of Seoul in Korea, to detached leaves. Both Pmax and quantum yield of O$_2$ evolution was rapidly decreased, in a parallel phase, with increasing time of UV-B treatment. Chl fluorescence parameters were also significantly affected. Fo was increased while both Fm and Fv were decreased. Photochemical efficiency of PSII(Fv/Fm) was also declined, although to a lesser extent than Pmax. Both qP and NPQ were decreased similarly with increasing time of UV-B treatment. However, PS I remained stable. The addition of lincomycin prior to UV-B treatment accelerated the decline in Fv/Fm to some extent, suggesting that D1 protein turnover may play a role in overcoming the harmful effect of UV-B. The amount of photosynthetic pigments was less affected than photosynthetic response in showing decline in Chl a and carotenoids after 24 h-treatment. Presumptive flavonoid contents, measured by changes in absorbance at 270 nm , 300 nm and 330nm, were all increased by roughly 50% after 8 h-treatment. Among antioxidant enzymes, activities of catalase and peroxidase were steadily increased until 12h of UV-B treatment whereas ascorbate perxidase, dehydroascorvate reductase and glutathione reductase did not show any significant change. The results indicate that deteriorative effect of UV-B on photosynthesis precedes the protection exerted by pigment synthesis and antioxidant enzymes.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.75-80
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• 1986

관절주위 골형성은 고관절치환 성형술을 시행받은 환자의 $0.6\~61.7\%$에서 생친 수 있는 합병증이다. 저자들은 1981년 1월부터 1985년 5월까지 서울대학교병원 치료방사선과에서 고관절전치환 성형술 후 관절주위 골형성 예방을 위하여 방사선요법을 시행받은 4명의 환자(8개의 고관절)를 분석하였다. 방사선요법은 수술후 $6\~10$일이내 시작하였으며 2,000cGy를 10회 분할 조사하였다. Modified Brooker system에 의하여 7계의 고관절에서는 Grade(1개 의고관절에서는 Grade) 2의 결과를 얻었다. 저자들의 이번 연구결과 및 문헌조사에 의하면 고관절 성형술 후 관절주위 골형성 예방을 위하여 호발군에 있어서의 방사선요법은 효과적이라고 하겠다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2018

Purpose: To analyze cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) use, indications, and exposure parameters in San $Jos{\acute{e}}$, Costa Rica. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. All CBCT examinations over a period of 6 months at 2 radiological centers in San $Jos{\acute{e}}$, Costa Rica were evaluated. The examinations were performed with Veraview EPOC X550 and Veraviewepocs 3D R100 equipment. The patients' age and sex, clinical indication for CBCT, region of interest (ROI), repeat examinations, specialty of the referring dentist, field-of-view (FOV), tube voltage (kV), tube current (mA), and radiation dose (${\mu}Gy$) were evaluated. Patients were classified by age as children (${\leq}12years$), adolescents(13-18 years), and adults(${\geq}19years$). Results: The mean age of the 526 patients was 49.4 years. The main indications were implant dentistry and dental trauma. The most frequent ROIs were posterior, while anterior ROIs were much less common. The highest percentage of repeat examinations was in children. Fifty-six percent of the referring dentists were specialists. The most commonly used FOV was small. The mean tube voltage and current were 79.8 kV and 7.4 mA for Veraview EPOC X550 and 89.9 kV and 6 mA for Veraviewepocs 3D R100, respectively. The mean doses for children, adolescents, and adults were $6.9{\mu}Gy$, $8.4{\mu}Gy$, and $7.8{\mu}Gy$, respectively. Conclusion: Although CBCT was most commonly used in adults for implant dentistry, most repeat examinations were in children, and the highest mean dose was in adolescents. Additional dose optimization efforts should be made by introducing low-dose protocols for children and adolescents.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2018

Purpose: To calculate the effective doses of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using personal computer-based Monte Carlo (PCXMC) software (Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland) and to compare the calculated effective doses with those measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and an anthropomorphic phantom. Materials and Methods: An Alphard VEGA CBCT scanner (Asahi Roentgen Ind. Co., Kyoto, Japan) with multiple fields of view (FOVs) was used for this study. The effective doses of the scout and main projections of CBCT using 1 large and 2 medium FOVs with a height >10 cm were calculated using PCXMC and PCXMCRotation software and then were compared with the doses obtained using TLD-100 LiF and an anthropomorphic adult human male phantom. Furthermore, it was described how to determine the reference points on the Y- and Z-axes in PCXMC, the important dose-determining factors in this software. Results: The effective doses at CBCT for 1 large ($20.0cm{\times}17.9cm$) and 2 medium FOVs ($15.4cm{\times}15.4cm$ and $10.2cm{\times}10.2cm$) calculated by the PCXMC software were 181, 300, and $158{\mu}Sv$, respectively. These values were comparable (16%-18% smaller) to those obtained through TLD measurements in each mode. Conclusion: The use of PCXMC software could be an alternative to the TLD measurement method for effective dose estimation in CBCT with large and medium FOVs.

• 치과방사선
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.411-416
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• 1999

Purpose : This study was done to evaluate the absorbed doses in organs of the head and neck for the conventional temporomandibular joint tomography. Materials and Methods : Dosimetry was performed with 32 LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters, which were placed in a tissue-equivalent phantom when the temporomandibular joint was examined by both lateral and frontal temporomandibular joint tomography. Results : For lateral tomography, parotid gland and preauricular area towards tube showed relatively high absorbed dose of 1056.9 μGy and 519.9 μGy respectively. For frontal tomography, the two largest absorbed doses were 259.2 μGy in orbit towards tube and 212.0 μGy in lens towards tube. Conclusion : Conventional temporomandibular joint tomography showed relatively low absorbed doses on critical organs. Thus, responsible use of it may not be limited.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this review is to evaluate the possibility of panoramic radiography as a national oral examination tool. Materials and Methods : This report was carried out by review of the literatures. Results : Panoramic radiography has sufficient diagnostic accuracy in dental caries, periodontal diseases, and other lesions. Also, the effective dose of panoramic radiography is lower than traditional full-mouth periapical radiography. Conclusion : Panoramic radiography will improve the efficacy of dental examination in national oral examination. However, more studies are required to evaluate the benefit, financial cost, and operation time and also to make selection criteria and quality management program.