• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2000

In resin transfer molding (RTM) process, preplaced fiber mat is set up in a mold and thermoset resin is injected into the mold. An important interest in RTM process is to minimize cycle time without sacrificing part quality or increasing cost. In this study, the numerical simulation and optimization process in filling stage were conducted in order to determine the optimum gate locations. Control volume finite element method (CVFEM) was used in this numerical analysis with the coordinate transformation method to analyze the complex 3-dimensional structure. Experiments were performed to monitor the flow front to validate simulation results. The results of numerical simulation predicted well the experimental results with every single, simultaneous and sequential injection procedure. We performed the optimization analysis for the sequential injection procedure to minimize fill time. The complex geometry of an automobile bumper core was chosen. Genetic algorithm was used in order to determine the optimum gate locations with regard to 3-step sequential injection case. These results could provide the information of the optimum gate locations in each injection step and could predict fill time and flow front.

• Composites Research
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2013

RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) 공정을 수치해석하기 위해 Level set 방법과 결합된 확장 유한 요소 법을 적용하였다. 유동 전면 부에서 비연속적인 구배를 가지는 압력을 계산하기 위해 확장 유한 요소 법을 이용하여 계산의 정밀성을 높였다. 확장 유한 요소 법에 이용되는 확장 형상 함수는 Level set 값을 이용하여 정의하였다. 이 확장 형상 함수는 요소를 통과하는 수지 유동 전면부의 위치를 반영할 수 있다. 게다가 Level set 법이 금형 충전 동안 수지 유동 전면부의 위치를 계산할 때 적용되었다. 수지 유동 전면부의 위치를 계산하는 미분방정식은 내연적 특성 Galerkin 유한 요소 법을 적용하여 풀었다. 선형 시스템 계산에서는 IPSAP의 다중 프론트 솔버를 이용한다. 본 연구에서 계산한 해석 값은 이론 값과 비교하여 검증하였다. 계산 효율을 높이기 위해 확장 유한 요소 법과 Level set 방법의 국소화 기법이 제안되었다. 이 기법은 계산 영역을 수지 유동 전면 부 근처의 영역으로 축소한다. 그러므로 전체 계산 양은 최소화될 수 있었다. 이 기법의 계산 효율은 채널 유동 모델을 이용하여 평가된다. 본 연구의 해석 능력을 보여주기 위해 몇 가지 적용 예제를 계산하였다. 첫 번째 예제를 이용해서 복잡하게 흘러가는 수지 전면부의 갈라짐과 합쳐지는 현상 해석하였다. 그리고 금형 내부의 Race-tracking 효과와 기공 생성 현상을 확인하기 위해 복잡한 모양의 구조물을 시뮬레이션 하였다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 1997년도 제8회 학술강연회논문집
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• pp.223-231
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• 1997

내열성복합재료와 Steel 구조물 사이의 좁고 긴 원통형 공간을 내열성 폴리우레탄 재료로 충전하는 연구를 수행하였다. 충전재료를 결정하기 위하여 3종의 폴리우레탄과 에폭시수지를 선정, 시험하여 내열성, 흐름성, 접착성, 경도측정 등을 통하여 최종 결정하였으며 선정된 폴리우레탄을 충전하기 위하여 Resin Transfer Molding(RTM) 방법을 사용하였다. 충전 공정의 적용여부를 판단하기 위하여 아크릴을 이용한 RTM치구를 설계, 제작하여 시험하였다. 충전된 조립체는 비파괴 검사를 통하여 접착, 기공 등을 검사하였으며 지상연소시험을 통하여 내열성능을 평가하였다.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.140-144
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• 2010

In recent years there has been a growing interest for the use of natural fibers in composite applications due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and good mechanical properties. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristic of bending strength on bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composites. The parameters of RTM process depend on the weight ratio of bamboo fiber and resin, the number of bamboo ply and amount of hardening agent. Besides the existence of pore in composites according to vacuum time investigated a effect on mechanical properties of reinforced polymer composites. Test result shows that compressive strength was a maximum(approximately 1,840kgf/$cm^2$) value when weight ratio of resin was 12%.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2002년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.57-60
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• 2002

The stiffness model has been proposed to predict elastic constants of twisted yarn composites. The model is based upon the unit cell structure, the coordinate transformation, and the volume averaging of compliance constants for constituent materials. For the correlation of analytic results with experiments, composite samples of various yarn twist angle were tested. The samples were fabricated by the RTM process using glass yarns and epoxy resin. The correlations of elastic constants showed relatively good agreements. The model provides the predictions of the three-dimensional engineering constants, which are valuable input data for the analytic characterization of textile composites made of twisted yarn.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.43-48
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• 2001

To overcome the disadvantages of conventional excavation technology, various trenchless (or excavation free, or no-dig) repair-reinforcement technologies have been developed and tried. But trenchless technologies so fat developed have some brawbacks such as high cost and inconvenience of operation. In this study, a repairing-reinforcing process for underground pipes with glass fiber fabric polymer composites using VARTM(Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding) has been developed. The developed process requires shorter operation time and lower cost with smaller and simpler operating equipments than those of the conventional trenchless technologies. For the reliable operation of the developed method, a simple method to apply pressure and vacuum to the reinforcement was devised and flexible mold technology was tried. Also, resin filling and cure status during RTM process were monitored with a commercial dielectrometry cure monitoring system, LACOMCURE. From the investigation, it has been found that the developed repairing-reinforcing technology with appropriate process variables and on-line cure monitoring has many advantages over conventional methods.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2005년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.134-136
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• 2005

Homogenization method is adopted to predict the permeability tenor for glass fiber plain woven fabrics. Calculating the permeability tensor numerically is an encouraging task because the permeability tensor is a key parameter in resin transfer molding (RTM). Based on multi-scale approach of the homogenization method, the permeability for the micro-unit cell within fiber tow is computed and compared with that obtained from flow analysis for the same micro-unit cell. It is found that they are in good agreement. In order to calculate the permeability tensor of macro-unit cell for the plain woven fabrics, the Stokes and Brinkman equations which describe inter-tow and intra-tow flow respectively are employed as governing equations. The effective permeabilities homogenized by considering intra-tow flow are compared with those obtained experimentally. Control volume finite element method (CVFEM) is used as a numerical method. It is shown that the asymptotic expansion homogenization method is an attractive method to predict the effective permeability for heterogeneous media.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집C
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• pp.246-250
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• 2001

In resin transfer molding (RTM), resin is forced to flow through the fiber perform of inhomogeneous permeability. This inhomogeneity is responsible for the mismatch of resin velocity within and between the fiber tows. The capillary pressure of the fiber tows exacerbates the spatial variation of the resin velocity. The resulting microscopic perturbations of resin velocity at the flow front allow numerous air voids to form. In this study, a mathematical model was developed to predict the formation and migration of micro-voids during resin transfer molding. A transport equation was employed to account for the migration of voids between fiber tows. Incorporating the proposed model into a resin flow simulator, the volumetric content of micro-voids in the preform could be obtained during the simulation of resin impregnation.

• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송공학회 2007년도 동계학술대회
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• pp.177-179
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• 2007

본 논문은 TPEG을 사용하여 재난경보를 전달하는 방안에 대해 기술한다. 우선, RTM, NWS를 사용하여 재난정보를 전달 할 경우의 문제점을 분석하고, 일반적인 재난정보를 전달하기 위한 TPEG프로토콜을 제안한다. RTM의 경우 주로 교통에 제한된 재난정보를 전달하고, NWS는 재난에 대한 구체적인 정보를 보내기 어려운 한계를 갖고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 Common Alerting Protocol (CAP)과 T-DMB 재난경보방송 표준 (AEAS)을 기반으로 한 프로토콜을 설계하였다. 이를 검증하기 위해 기상청에서 발표한 재난자료를 CAP으로 작성하여 TPEG메시지로 변환하는 시스템을 구현하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 재난경보프로토콜은 앞으로 T-DMB의 TPEG서비스로 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.139-142
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• 2009

The histological and transmission electron microscopic studies revealed the synthesis activity predominantly in the hypopharyngeal glands of the nurse bees. The biochemical analysis of both, the hypopharyngeal gland extract and royal jelly elucidated unequivocally the proteins and lipids as the major constituents. Further the SDS-PAGE of hypopharyngeal gland extract showed about 17 protein bands, perhaps 14.10, 20.00, 29.00 and 43.00 kDa predominantly while that of royal jelly revealed only two protein bands of 29.00 and 43.00 kDa molecular weight suggesting them as the major royal jelly proteins (MRJP). The lipid profile of royal jelly consists of triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL.