• BMB Reports
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.514-519
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• 2003

The ribonucleotide reductase (RR) 2 gene of the HSV-2 strain G was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in an E. coli cell. The RR2 gene was located on the PstI 2.4 kb fragment, which was cloned and sequenced. The ORF of the gene was 1,011 bp and its termination codon was TAG; also, the CATATAA sequence was present in the promoter of the RR2 gene. A Poly A signal sequence (AATAAA) was found in the 3'-noncoding region. The RR2 proteins that were produced in the E. coli and Vero cells were confirmed using a Western blot analysis. SDS-PAGE revealed that the molecular weights of the fusion-RR2 that was produced in the E. coli cells were approximately 24 kDa and 38 kDa in the Vero cells. The RR2 proteins were soluble. The differences in the molecular weights might be due to modifications in the Vero cells.

• 사물인터넷융복합논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.21-24
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• 2017

현대의 컴퓨터는 여러 프로세스를 처리해야 한다. 운영체제에서는 소수의 CPU로 많은 프로세스를 처리하기 위해서 스케줄링을 이용한다. 스케줄링의 종류에는 FCFS, SJF, RR이 있다. 이 중 RR은 최대 할당 시간을 정해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 최적의 최대 할당 시간을 찾기 위해 특정 샘플에 대해 GLM 알고리즘으로 분석하였다. 이 분석방법을 통해 원하는 조건에 따른 최대 할당 시간을 지정할 수 있다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.853-857
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• 2015

Background: Gastric cancer is the most common cancer in the Iranian population. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of clinicopathological factors on prognosis by meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane library and extensive literature search using the Persian databases until February 2011. Prospective follow up studies with multivariate analysis of overall survival of the patients with gastric cancer were included in this review. The data were analyzed by CMA.2. Publication bias are checked by funnel plot and data are shown as Forest plots. Results: From a total of 63 articles, 14 retrospective studies which examined 5 prognostic factors and involving 10,500 patients were included. Tumor size (>35mm) was the main significant factor predicting an unfavorable prognosis for the patients with gastric cancer (RR=1.829, p<0.001) followed by presence of distant metastases (RR=1.607, p<0.001), poor differentiation (RR=1.408, p<0.001) and male sex (RR=1.194, p<0.001). Lymph node metastases (RR=1.058, p=0.698) and moderate differentiation (RR=0.836, p=0.043) were not statistically significant as prognostic factors. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that tumor size>35mm, poor differentiation, presence of distant metastasis and male gender are strongly associated with a poor prognosis in Iranian patients with gastric cancer.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제35권4B호
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• pp.559-565
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• 2010

Mobile IPv6(MIPv6)에서 핸드오버가 수행된 후에 Mobile Node(MN)와 Correspondent node(CN)간에 직접 통신하기 위해 RO(Route Optimization)이 수반되어야 하며 이를 위해서는 Binding Update(BU)전에 Return Routability(RR) 과정이 수행되어야 한다. Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6(FMIPv6)에서도 RO를 사용하기 위해서는 MIPv6와 동일하게 Fast 핸드오버 후에 BU전에 RR 과정이 수행되어야 한다. 그러나 RR 과정을 수행하는데 소요되는 시간이 매우 길기 때문에 핸드오버에 많은 지연을 발생하게 한다. 따라서 본 논문은 FMIPv6에서 RO지연을 감소시킴으로써 FMIPv6에서 핸드오버 지연을 감소시키기 위한 방안을 제안한다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop a ridge regression (RR) model to estimate BOD and TP load using runoff weighted value. The concept of runoff weighted value, based on distributed curve-number (CN), was introduced to reflect the impact of land covers on runoff. The estimated runoff depths by distributed CN were closer to the observed values than those by area weighted mean CN. The RR is a technique used when the data suffers from multicollinearity. The RR model was developed for five flow duration intervals with the independent variables of daily runoff discharge of seven land covers and dependent variables of daily pollutant load. The RR model was applied to Heuk river watershed, a subwatershed of the Han river watershed. The variance inflation factors of the RR model decreased to the value less than 10. The RR model showed a good performance with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73 and 0.87, and Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.88 and 0.93 for BOD and TP, respectively. The results suggest that the methods used in the study can be applied to estimate pollutant load of different land cover watersheds using limited data.

• 천문학논총
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2015

We use ALLWISE data release W1- and W2-band epoch photometry collected by the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) to determine slopes of the period-luminosity relations for RR Lyrae stars in 15 globular clusters in the corresponding bands. We further combine these results with V- and K-band photometry of Galactic field RR Lyrae stars to determine the metallicity slopes of the log $P_F-[Fe/H]-M_K$, log $P_F-[Fe/H]-M_{W1}$, and log $P_F-[Fe/H]-M_{W2}$ period-metallicity-luminosity relations. We infer the zero points of these relations and determine the kinematical parameters of thick-disk and halo RR Lyraes via statistical parallax, and estimate the RR Lyrae-based distances to 18 Local-Group galaxies including the center of the Milky Way.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.195-205
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• 1989

암의 화학요법에 있어서 내성생성으로 인한 치료의 장애가 암 치료 실패의 중요 원인이 되며, 분 연구는 암세포의 항암제에 대한 내성 생성에 대한 특성을 연구 보고하였다. 사람의 위암 세포주 SNU-1에 대한 내성 유발을 위하여 세포배양액에 adriamycin(ADR) 농도를 $10^{-8}M$에서 $10^{-7}M$에 까지 적용시켜 내성세포주를 얻어 SUN-1/ADR로 나타내었으며 세포 성장은 SUN-1에서는 2일부터 6일까지 서서히 상승하였고 SNU-1/ADR은 $5{\times}10^3$celles/ml 농도 이상에서 상승을 보였다. 각 세포의 doubling 시간과 doubling 수를 비교하였으며 SNU-1은 doubling 시간이 평균 27.2 시간 doubling 수가 3.56번 이었으며, SNU-1/ADR은 52.2 시간 1.85번으로 내성세포가 더욱 성장이 왕성한 것을 관찰할 수 있다. MTT assay를 위하여 4일간의 성장으로 세포의 적절한 생존도를 관찰하였다. SNU-1과 내성세포주 SNU-1/ADR을 각각 항암제에 대한 약제 감수성 검사를 실시하였으며 약제농도 50%에서 생존도($IC_{50}$)를 비교하여 상관내성도(relative resistance : RR)을 측정 하였으며 vinblastine이 31.62이상으로 가장 높고, vincristine이 29.5, dactinomycin 21.37, epirubicin 17.78, daunorubicin 14.12였고, adriamycin 7.76이었으며 etoposide 4.46 이었다. 그 외의 약제 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, aclarubicin은 감수성이 낮았다. 위의 결과로 RR가 높은 약제들에 대해서는 multidrug resistance(복합내성)의 존재를 의미한다고 할 수 있으며 내성생성 SNU-1/ADR 세포주의 염색체의 검사에서 double minute chromosome(DMs)을 확인함으로서 내성 생성 세포를 확인 하였다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was performed for the investigation of anticancer effects of methanol extract of Rheum Rhizoma (MeOH-RR) on a human liver cancer cell line (HepG2). Methods : To study the cytotoxic effect of MeOH-RR on HepG2 cells, the cell viability was determined by XTT reduction method and trypan blue exclusion assay. The cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), a substrate for caspase-3 and a typical sign of apoptosis, and the activation of procaspase-3, -8 and -9 were examined by western blot analysis. Furthermore, MeOH-RR-induced apoptosis was confirmed by DNA fragmentation. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, the level of Bcl-2 and Bax were examined by western blot analysis. Results : MeOH-RR reduced proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h and 48 h treatment. MeOH-RR induced the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 and the cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), a substrate for caspase-3. Furthermore, treatment with MeOH-RR resulted in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, evidenced by the formation of a DNA ladder on agarose gel, a hallmark of cells undergoing apoptosis. MeOH-RR downregulated Bcl-2, upregulated Bax, and increased the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into cytosol in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, MeOH-RP increased caspase-3 activity. Conclusion : There results suggest that MeOH-RR induce apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway and caspase-3-dependent pathway in HepG2 cells. There results suggest that MeOH-RR is potentially useful as a chemotherapeutic agent in human liver cancer.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1631-1636
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• 2008

대황(Rhei Rhizoma; RR, 대황(大黃))은 Rheum officinale Baill.와 Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae)의 땅속부분 (rhizome 및 root)으로 남아시아의 민속의학에서 간 및 신장의 손상을 치료하는데 널리 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 배양한 흰쥐 해마신경세포의 저산소증모델을 이용하여 대황의 물추출물이 신경세포사를 억제하는 효능에 대하여 조사하였다. 배양 10일(DIV10)에 RR을 배양액에 첨가하고 DIV13일에 생존율을 조사한 결과 10 ${\mu}g$/ml 농도까지는 세포독성이 없었으며, 정상산소 환경에서 2.5 ${\mu}g$/ml의 농도에서 세포생존율을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 배지에 대황을 첨가한 경우 DIV13일에 저산소증을 유도한 후 5일째에 세포생존율을 조사한 결과 대조군에 비하여 매우 유의하게 생존율을 증가시켰다. $H_2DCF$ 염색 결과 대황은 활성산소(ROS)의 생성을 유의하게 감소시킴과, JC-1 염색 결과 사립체 막전위의 소실을 유의하게 억제함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들은 대황 물추출물이 활성산소를 효과적으로 제거하고, 세포의 에너지 생성을 보전함으로서 세포사를 억제할 수 있음을 보여주며, 향후 뇌신경세포의 건강에 유용하게 이용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 1998

Thirty two Omani sheep with eight animals each of; intact males (INT), males castrated with rubber rings immediately after birth (RR), males castrated with a burdizzo at 8 weeks of age (BC) and intact females (IF) were fed ad libitum a concentrate diet (CP 16%) plus chopped Rhodesgrass hay (8% CP) from weaning until slaughter at 28 kg. INT lambs grew faster from 9 to 20 weeks of age (p < 0.05) thus they were significantly heavier at 20 weeks of age than BC and IF, but not RR lambs. INT consumed more total feed than other sex groups over the period from 9 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences between lambs of all experimental groups in feed per gain ratio. INT lambs had lower (p < 0.01) dressing percentage (DP) than RR, BC and IF. As a percentage in the empty body weight (EBW), INT had higher proportions of head, feet, empty gut (p < 0.001), liver (p < 0.05) and genitals (p < 0.05) but lower proportions of lungs and trachea (p < 0.05) than BC and IF lambs. INT males had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) proportion of bone than RR and IF lambs but lower (p < 0.05) proportion of fat than RR and IF. As a percentage in EBW, IF had the highest protortion (p < 0.001) of total body fat (TBF) followed by BC and RR whereas INT males had the lowest proportion. There was a general trend of IF having the highest proportion of individual and total non-carcass fat (TNCF) and total carcass fat (TCF) followed by BC and RR lambs whereas INT lambs had the lowest protortions of individual carcass and non-carcass fat depots. There were only few sex or castration effects on carcass tissue distribution. IF had higher proportions of intermuscular fat in the chuck, plate, leg and flank than INT and BC. The current study demonstrated that castration of intensively-raised male Omani native sheep especially at weaning using a burdizzo retarded growth rate and reduced carcass quality by increasing fat content.