• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.118-129
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• 1996

In this study, three dimensional flow analysis in a HVAC duct was performed computationally using various turbulence models and compared numerical predictions such as outlet flow split, surface pressure distribution along the duct to experimental data. It's well known that accuracy of computational predictions of flow heavily dependent on turbulent models and discritization method. Therefore, in this work, to assess the ability of turbulent models to predict characteristics of duct flow, three kinds of models, namely standard $k-\varepsilon$, RNG $k-\varepsilon$ and modified $k-\varepsilon$, containing parameter for the effect of streamline curvature were employed and validated one another by comparing with experimental data. In results, modified $k-\varepsilon$ turbulence model allows a successful prediction of static pressure distribution particulary at around strong curvature but little improvement flow split. In the futrue, adoption of CFD to design HVAC duct with modified $k-\varepsilon$ model will bring benefits of producing more accurate prediction, and also give designers more detail information much more than now.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.907-920
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• 2009

This study was performed to evaluate the prediction capability of a commercial CFD code and to investigate the effects of different geometries such as a 4.4 mm tube and an 8/10 mm annular channel on the detailed flow structures. A numerical simulation was performed for the conditions, at which the experimental data was produced by the test facility SPHINX. A 2-dimensional axisymmetric steady flow was assumed for computational simplicity. The RNG $\kappa-\varepsilon$ turbulence model (RNG) with an enhanced wall treatment option, SST $\kappa-\omega$ (SST) and low Reynolds Abid turbulence model (ABD) were employed and the numerical predictions were compared with the experimental data generated from the experiment. The effects of the geometry on heat transfer were investigated. The flow and temperature fields were also examined in order to investigate the mechanism of heat transfer near the wall. The local heat transfer coefficient predicted by the RNG model is very close to the measurement result for the tube. In contrast, the local heat transfer coefficient predicted by the SST and ABD models is closer to the measurement for the annular channel.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.177-196
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• 2001

At present the most popular turbulence models used for engineering solutions to flow problems are the $k-{\varepsilon}$ and Reynolds stress models. The shortcoming of these models based on the isotropic eddy viscosity concept and Reynolds averaging in flow fields of the type found in the field of Wind Engineering are well documented. In view of these shortcomings this paper presents the implementation of a non-linear model and its evaluation for flow around a building. Tests were undertaken using the classical bluff body shape, a surface mounted cube, with orientations both normal and skewed at $45^{\circ}$ to the incident wind. Full-scale investigations have been undertaken at the Silsoe Research Institute with a 6 m surface mounted cube and a fetch of roughness height equal to 0.01 m. All tests were originally undertaken for a number of turbulence models including the standard, RNG and MMK $k-{\varepsilon}$ models and the differential stress model. The sensitivity of the CFD results to a number of solver parameters was tested. The accuracy of the turbulence model used was deduced by comparison to the full-scale predicted roof and wake recirculation zone lengths. Mean values of the predicted pressure coefficients were used to further validate the turbulence models. Preliminary comparisons have also been made with available published experimental and large eddy simulation data. Initial investigations suggested that a suitable turbulence model should be able to model the anisotropy of turbulent flow such as the Reynolds stress model whilst maintaining the ease of use and computational stability of the two equations models. Therefore development work concentrated on non-linear quadratic and cubic expansions of the Boussinesq eddy viscosity assumption. Comparisons of these with models based on an isotropic assumption are presented along with comparisons with measured data.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방재학회 2008년도 정기총회 및 학술발표대회
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• pp.687-690
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• 2008

Currently, Stream flow analysis has been accomplished by one or two dimensional equations and was applied by simple momentum equations and fixed energy conservations which contain many reach uppermost limit. In this study, FLOW-3D using CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) was applied to stream flow analysis which can solve three dimensional RANS(Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equation) control equation to find out physical behavior and the effect of hydraulic structures. Numerical simulation accomplished those results was compared by using turbulence models such as $k-\varepsilon$, RNG(Renomalized Group Theory) $k-\varepsilon$ and LES(Large Eddy Simulation). Numerical analysis results have been illustrated by the turbulence energy effects, velocity of flow, water level pressure and eddy flows around the side overflow type structures at Jangwall bridge in urban stream.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.315-330
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• 2006

Flow and scalar dispersion around Cheomseongdae are numerically investigated using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the renormalization group (RNG) $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence closure scheme. Cheomseongdae is an ancient astronomical observatory in Gyeongju, Korea, and is chosen as a model obstacle because of its unique shape, that is, a cylinder-shaped architectural structure with its radius varying with height. An interesting feature found is a mid-height saddle point behind Cheomseongdae. Different obstacle shapes and corresponding flow convergences help to explain the presence of the saddle point. The predicted size of recirculation zone formed behind Cheomseongdae increases with increasing ambient wind speed and decreases with increasing ambient turbulence intensity. The relative roles of inertial and eddy forces in producing cavity flow zones around an obstacle are conceptually presented. An increase in inertial force promotes flow separation. Consequently, cavity flow zones around the obstacle expand and flow reattachment occurs farther downwind. An increase in eddy force weakens flow separation by mixing momentum there. This results in the contraction of cavity flow zones and flow reattachment occurs less far downwind. An increase in ambient wind speed lowers predicted scalar concentration. An increase in ambient turbulence intensity lowers predicted maximum scalar concentration and acts to distribute scalars evenly.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.281-290
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• 2015

표준 k-${\varepsilon}$, RNG k-${\omega}$ 그리고 k-${\omega}$ SST 난류 모형과 VOF (volume of fluid)기법을 이용하여 사각형 광정위어를 통과하는 난류 흐름의 수면 변화와 유속분포를 수치모의 하였다. 지배방정식은 2차 정확도의 유한체적기법을 이용하여 해석하였으며, 두 개의 서로 다른 격자해상도에서 계산을 수행하여 수치해석 결과의 격자 민감도를 분석하였다. 계산 결과를 Kirkgoz et al. (2008)의 실험 결과 그리고 Moss (1972) 및 Zachoval et al. (2012) 무차원화된 실험값과 비교 분석하여 적용한 수치모형의 정확도를 평가하였다. 수치모의 결과는 사각형 개수로에 설치된 광정위어 흐름의 실험결과들을 합리적으로 예측하고 있으면 적용한 난류모형에 따라서 두 개의 주요 흐름분리 영역에서 계산 결과에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 표준 k-${\varepsilon}$ 모형은 이들 두 개의 흐름분리영역의 크기를 과소산정하고 있으며, k-${\omega}$ SST 모형은 위어 전면부에서 발생하는 흐름분리 영역을 다소 과대 산정하는 것으로 나타났다. RNG k-${\varepsilon}$ 모형은 전반적으로 양호하게 두 흐름분리 영역을 예측하는 한편, k-${\omega}$ SST 모형은 위어 상류부 모서리에서 발생하는 박리거품의 발생 형태를 가장 잘 예측하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2003

With the advent of high performance computers and more efficient numerical algorithms, computational fluid dynamics(CFD) has come out as a modem alternative for reducing the use of wind tunnels test in automotive engineering. However, in spite of the fact that many competent researchers have made all their talents in developing turbulence model over since the past dozen or more years, it has been an important impediment in using the CFD effectively to design machinery and to diagnose or to improve engineering problems in the industry since the turbulence model has been acting as the Achilles' tendon in aspect of the reliability even to this time. In this study, Reynolds-averaged Wavier-Stokes equations were solved to simulate an incompressible turbulent flow around a bus-like bluff body near ground plane. In order to investigate the effect of the discretisation schemes and turbulence model on the aerodynamic forces several turbulence models with five convective difference schemes are adopted. From the results of this study, it is clear that choice of turbulence model and discretisation scheme profoundly affects the computational outcome. The results also show that the adoption of RNG $k-\varepsilon$ turbulence model and nonlinear quadratic turbulence model with the second order accurate discretisation scheme predicts fairly well the aerodynamic coefficients.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2017

만곡수로에서의 흐름 구조는 나선형 운동을 갖는 이차 재순환 흐름 그리고 만곡부 측벽으로부터 발생하는 흐름분리로 인한 전단층 등으로 복잡하다. 이 연구에서는 3개의 통계학적 난류모형($k-{\varepsilon}$, RNG $k-{\varepsilon}$, $k-{\omega}$ SST) 그리고 자유수면 변동 해석을 위한 VOF 기법을 적용한 비정상 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) 계산을 수행하여 고진폭 만곡수로인 키노시타(Kinoshita) 수로에서의 이차류와 편수위를 해석하였다. 2차 정확도의 유한체적법을 이용하여 구한 해석결과를 기존 수리실험 자료와 비교하여 각 난류모형의 적용성을 평가하였다. 비정상 RANS 계산에서 적용한 3개의 통계학적 난류모형의 해석 결과를 분석해 보면 키노시타 수로에서 발생하는 만곡부 편수위는 3개 모형 모두 유사하게 모의하는 한편, 전반적인 이차류 분포는 $k-{\omega}$ SST상대적으로 잘 모의하는 것으로 나타났다. 하류에 위치한 만곡부 흐름에 영향을 미쳐 국부적으로 발생한 이차류와 이전의 만곡부 중앙 수면 부근에서 발생하는 한 쌍의 이차 와류가 존재하는 현상을 관측하였으며, $k-{\omega}$ SST 난류모형은 이러한 복잡한 와류 변화를 양호하게 모의했다. $k-{\varepsilon}$ 모형을 기반으로 개발된 두 모형으로 모의한 결과에서는 실험에서 관측된 중앙 만곡부에 존재하는 두 개의 이차류 중, 시계방향 와류가 재현되지 않는다. VOF기법을 이용해서 계산한 만곡부에서의 편수위 해석결과는 적용한 모든 난류모형에 대해서 전반적으로 실험값을 양호하게 재현하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2008년 영문 학술대회
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• pp.775-780
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• 2008

This paper reports on the internal flow of a centrifugal mini pump working at the low flow rate operating conditions. The RNG $\kappa-\varepsilon$ turbulence model was employed to simulate the three-dimensional turbulent flow in the pump. To examine and certify the simulation results, a transparent acrylic centrifugal mini pump model which is suitable for PIV measurement has been developed. The tongue region and the passages region between blades were investigated using PIV. In order to eliminate the effect of refraction on the area closed to the wall and increase the measurement accuracy, the fluorescent particles were scatted into the working fluid with the tracing particles. It is found from the calculation and PIV measurement results that there is a large area of recirculation flow near the tongue at low flow rate operating conditions. The computationally predicted water head using the $\kappa-\varepsilon$ turbulence model at low flow rate operating conditions are in very good agreement with the experimentally measured water head and the mean velocity distributions at investigation area obtained by PIV and calculation showed a satisfactory agreement as well. Meanwhile, the results of PIV measurements show that the flow status in one passage is different to another. And for capturing the internal flow detail information, the $\kappa-\varepsilon$ turbulence model is not very suitable.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.647-670
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• 2013

The paper presents a numerical approach to study of fluid flow characteristics and to predict performance of wind turbines. The numerical model is based on Finite-volume method (FVM) discretization of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations. The movement of turbine blades is modeled using moving mesh technique. The turbulence is modeled using commonly used turbulence models: Renormalization Group (RNG) k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model and the standard k-${\varepsilon}$ and k-${\omega}$ turbulence models. The model is validated with the experimental data over a large range of tip-speed to wind ratio (TSR) and blade pitch angles. In order to demonstrate the use of numerical method as a tool for designing wind turbines, two dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) simulations are carried out to study the flow through a small scale Darrieus type H-rotor Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). The flows predictions are used to determine the performance of the turbine. The turbine consists of 3-symmetrical NACA0022 blades. A number of simulations are performed for a range of approaching angles and wind speeds. This numerical study highlights the concerns with the self-starting capabilities of the present VAWT turbine. However results also indicate that self-starting capabilities of the turbine can be increased when the mounted angle of attack of the blades is increased. The 2-D simulations using the presented model can successfully be used at preliminary stage of turbine design to compare performance of the turbine for different design and operating parameters, whereas 3-D studies are preferred for the final design.