• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-87
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• 2006

Objectives : We studied Effect of Platycodon grandiflorum on Lung carcinoma Methods : By using cDNA microarray technique, we analyzed the effects of AEPG(aqueous extract of Platycodon grandiflorum) on the gene expression profile. Results : Out of 384 genes screened associated with growth inhibition of carcinoma cell, 9 genes were founded to be affected in their expression levels by more than 1.2-fold after treatment with AEPG. And 67 genes were changed the expression level 0.5 times more than that of reference RNA after treatment of AEPG. Conclusions: These findings suggest that P. grandiflorum has strong potential for development as an agent for prevention and treatment against human lung cancer.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.261-269
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• 2004

Although the biological functions of metallothioneins (MTs) are still being investigated, they have been suggested to be involved in detoxification of heavy metals, scavenging of free radicals, and protection against alkylating agents. MTs have been reported to be induced in most of animal tissues by heavy metals such as zinc, copper, mercury and cadmium, and the proteins have binding affinities to the metals. However, the presence or induction of MTs was reported not to be clear in leydig cells, which produce testosterone for the maturation of spermatozoa in male testes. In this study, we investigated the inducibility of metallothionein isomers by cadmium in cultured mouse leydig cells. Total RNA was extracted from the near confluent grown leydig cells and RT-PCR was Performed using the Primers which were synthesized on the basis of MT-1, 2, 3 and 4 cDNA from GenBank database. As results, MT-1 and MT-2 mRNA were found to be expressed in cadmium non-treated control cells and MT 1 mRNA expression was dose-dependent when leydig cells were treated with cadmium chloride. But MT-3 which is known to be brain specific and MT-4 which is another isoform of metallothionein, were not expressed. Other genes induced or depressed in cadmium treated leydig cells were also identified by microarray techniques.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.765-772
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• 2015

Saussurea lappa has been reported to possess anti-atopic properties. In this study, we have confirmed the S. lappa's anti-atopic properties in Nc/Nga mice and investigated the candidate gene related with its properties using microarray. We determined the target gene using real time PCR in in vitro experiment. S. lappa showed the significant reduction in atoptic dermatitis (AD) score and immunoglobulin E compared with the AD induced Nc/Nga mice. In the results of microarray using back skin obtained from animals, we found that S. lappa's properties are closely associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Consistent with the microarray data, real-time RT-PCR confirmed these modulation at the mRNA level in skin tissues from S. lappa-treated mice. Among these genes, PI3Kca and $IL20R{\beta}$ were significantly downregulated by S. lappa treatment in Nc/Nga mouse model. In in vitro experiment using HaCaT cells, we found that the S. lappa components, including alantolactone, caryophyllene, costic acid, costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone significantly decreased the expression of PI3Kca but not $IL20R{\beta}$ in vitro. Therefore, our study suggests that PI3Kca-related signaling is closely related with the protective effects of S. lappa against the development of atopic-dermatitis.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.282-291
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• 2007

Although the etiology of schizophrenia is known to be linked with the disturbance of glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, little is known about the relationship between gene expression and the disease process. To identify genes related to abnormalities in glutamatergic and dopaminergic function, we investigated the effects of olanzapine in the changes of mRNA levels in the animal model of schizophrenia, using a high-density DNA microarray. Olanzapine (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced hyperlocomotive activities, which was induced by MK-801 (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.). We identified that the expression of 719 genes were significantly altered more than two folds in the prefrontal cortex of the rats treated with MK-801. We selected 15 genes out of them by the changes of the expression pattern in the treatment of Olanzapine and/or MK801 for the further confirmation in RT-PCR. The administration of MK-801 increased the expression of 7 genes (NOS3, Hspb1, Hspa1a, CRH, Serpine1, Igfbp6, Snf1lk) and decreased the expression of 1 gene (Aldh1a2), which was attenuated by olanzapine. One gene (Prss12) was up-regulated after olanzapine treatment although it did not show the significant changes after MK-801 treatment. These results showed that antipsychotic drug, such as olanzapine, may alter the gene expression patterns, which were accompanied by MK-801-induced psychosis. Our results also provide us high-density DNA microarray technology could be potential approaches to find the candidate molecules for the therapeutics and also for the early diagnosis of psychiatric diseases.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.594-603
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• 2009

Objectives : ICH breaks down blood vessels within the brain parenchyma, which finally leads to neuronal loss, drugs to treat ICH have not yet been established. In this experiment, we measured the effect of Woowhangchongshim-won (WWCSW) on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rat using microarray technology. Methods : We measured the effect of WWCSW on ICH in rat using microarray technology. ICH was induced by injection of collagenase type IV, and total RNA was isolated. Image files of microarray were measured using a ScanArray scanner, and the criteria of the threshold for up- and down-regulation was 2 fold. Hierarchical clustering was implemented using CLUSTER and TREEVIEW program, and for Ontology analysis. GOSTAT program was applied in which p-value was calculated by Chi square or Fisher's exact test based on the total array element. Results : WWCSW-treatment restored the gene expression altered by ICH-induction in brain to the levels of 76.0% and 70.1% for up- and down-regulated genes, respectively. Conclusion : Co-regulated genes by ICH model of rat could be used as molecular targets for therapeutic effects of drug including WWCSW. That is, the presence of co-regulated genes may represent the importance of these genes in ICH in the brain and the change of expression level of these co-regulated genes would also indicate the functional change of brain tissue.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.3-8
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• 2000

The complete genome sequence of a Gram-positive bacterium .Bacillus subtilis has recently been reported and it is now clear that more than 50% of its ORFs have no known function (1). To study the global gene expression in B. subtilis at single gene resolution, we have tested the glass DNA microarrays in a step-wise fashion. As a preliminary experiment, we have created arrays of PCR products for 14 ORF whose transcription patterns have been well established through transcriptional mapping analysis. We measured changes in mRNA transcript levels between early exponential and stationary phase by hybridizing fluorescently labeled cDNA (with Cy3-UTP and Cy5-UTP) onto the array. We then compared the microarray data to confirm that the transcription patterns of these genes are well consistent with the known Northern analysis data. Since the preliminary test has been successful, we scaled up the experiments to ${\sim}$94% of the 4,100 annotated ORFs for the complete genome sequence of B. subtilis. Using this whole genomic microarray, we searched genes that are catabolite-repressive and those that are under the control of ${\sigma}^{Y}$, one of the functionally unknown ECF sigma factors. From these results, we here report that we have established DNA microarray techniques that are applicable for the whole genome of B. subtilis.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.257-261
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• 2006

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is one of the important mediators in generating inflammation and immune responses. To address the role of Stat4 in carrageenan induced acute inflammation, we performed paw edema measurement and 7.4 k mouse cDNA microarray analysis in carrageenan induced acute inflammation in Stat4 knockout (-/-) mice. Male BALB/c (n=8) and Stat4 -/- (n=5) were used and paw edema was induced with injection of $30\;{\mu}L$ of 1% carrageenan into plantar surface of right hind paw. Next, we isolated the mRNA in mouse whole brain and analyzed cDNA microarray profiles for the changes of the brain expression in Stat4 -/- mice. Interestingly, the increase in paw volume of Stat4 -/- mice was reduced by about 30% as compared to that of wild type. The cDNA microarray analysis revealed the altered expressions of several cytokines (Tnf, Il6, and Il4) and pain-associated proteins (Ptgs2, Gabra6, and Gabbr1) in Stat4 -/- mice. Our results suggest that Stat4 may be related to the inhibitory responses on carrageenan induced acute inflammation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6319-6325
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• 2012

We previously found cytotoxic effects of tomato leaf extract (TLE) on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The aim of this study was to ascertain the molecular mechanisms associated with the usage of TLE as an anticancer agent by microarray analysis using mRNA from MCF-7 breast cancer cells after treatment with TLE for 1 hr and 48 hrs. Approximately 991 genes out of the 30,000 genes in the human genome were significantly (p<0.05) changed after the treatment. Within this gene set, 88 were significantly changed between the TLE treated cells and the untreated MCF-7 cells (control cells) with a cut-off fold change >2.00. In order to focus on genes that were involved in cancer cell growth, only twenty-nine genes were selected, either down-regulated or up-regulated after treatment with TLE. Microarray assay results were confirmed by analyzing 10 of the most up and down regulated genes related to cancer cells progression using real-time PCR. Treatment with TLE induced significant up-regulation in the expression of the CRYAB, PIM1, BTG1, CYR61, HIF1-${\alpha}$ and CEBP-${\beta}$ genes after 1 hr and 48 hrs, whereas the TXNIP and THBS1 genes were up-regulated after 1 hr of treatment but down-regulated after 48 hrs. In addition both the HMG1L1 and HIST2H3D genes were down-regulated after 1 hr and 48 hrs of treatment. These results demonstrate the potent activity of TLE as an anticancer agent.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2019

Despite increased evidence of bio-activity following far-infrared (FIR) radiation, susceptibility of cell signaling to FIR radiation-induced homeostasis is poorly understood. To observe the effects of FIR radiation, FIR-radiated materials-coated fabric was put on experimental rats or applied to L6 cells, and microarray analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and wound healing assays were performed. Microarray analysis revealed that messenger RNA expressions of rat muscle were stimulated by FIR radiation in a dose-dependent manner in amount of 10% and 30% materials-coated. In 30% group, 1,473 differentially expressed genes were identified (fold change [FC] > 1.5), and 218 genes were significantly regulated (FC > 1.5 and p < 0.05). Microarray analysis showed that extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and cell migration-related pathways were significantly stimulated in rat muscle. ECM and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-mediated cell migration-related genes were increased. And, results showed that the relative gene expression of actin beta was increased. FIR radiation also stimulated actin subunit and actin-related genes. We observed that wound healing was certainly promoted by FIR radiation over 48 h in L6 cells. Therefore, we suggest that FIR radiation can penetrate the body and stimulate PDGF-mediated cell migration through ECM-integrin signaling in rats.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.111-124
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• 2002

A line of study reported that electroacupuncture(EA) modulate natural killer cell(NK Cell) activities. One report suggested that EA enhanced splenic interferon-gamma($IFN-{\gamma}$), interleukin-2(IL-2), and NK cell activity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Another study suggested that $IFN-{\gamma}$ mediates the up-regulation of NK cell activity, and endogenous ${\beta}$-endorphin secretion also play a role in the up-regulation of NK cell activity induced by EA stimulation. In order to better understand the molecular regulation underlying the activation of NK cell induced by EA, we have utilized cDNA microarray to elucidate how EA alters program of gene expression of spleen in rats. First, we divided three groups, group I was EA group treated with EA in restriction holder, group II was sham group with only holder stress, and last group III was control group with no treatment. We measured NK cell activity after EA stimulation three times for 2 days using $^{51}Cr$ release assay. Second, Biotin-labeled cDNA probes synthesized from EA group and sham group, were competitively hybridized to the microarray that contained variable genes. Such high-throughput screening has identified a number of EA-responsive gene candidates. Of these, we found that EA induced a subset of genes of genes that functionally could modulatory effects on NK cell activity. Genes(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, protein-tyrosine kinase, CD94 mRNA) related to boost NK cell activity, were increased by EA And, genes(protein-tyrosine-phospatase mRNA, protein-tyrosine phosphatase(SHP-1) mRNA) related to inhibit NK cell activity, were decreased by EA. These EA-responsive genes may provide key insights from which to understand mechanisms of activation of NK cell induced by EA.