• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.5
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• pp.23-31
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• 1964

Six species of marine shell-fishes were subjects in this study. The content of RNA and DNA in mid-intestinal glands (liver) was determined and RNA was also extracted from above materials by phenol method and their nucleotide compositions were analysed by ion exchange column chromatography. C; citidylic acid, A; adenylic acid, G; guanylic acid, U; uridylic acid, Pu; purine nucleotide, Py; pyrimidine nucleotide 1) Their RNA and DNA content was summarized in the next table.(mg/100mg of lipid free powder) Materials RNA DNA RNA/DNA Meretrix meretrix Susoria (Gmelin) 6.82 0.82 6.5 Anadara(scapharea) inflata(Reeve) 4.62 0.70 6.6 Ostrea(crassostrea) gigas Thunberg 8.74 1.03 8.5 Turbo cornutus Solander 2.16 0.60 3.6 Haliotis gigantea Gmelin 7.02 0.22 36.0 2) Their RNA nucleatide compositions was summaries in following tabe. Materials/RNA nucleotide G+C/A+U G+U/A+C Pu/Py Meretrix meretrix Susoria(Gmelin) 1.12 1.36 1.08 Venerupis philippinarum (Adoms et Reeve) 1.15 1.31 1.13 Anadara(scapharea) inflata(Reeve) 0.97 1.26 1.02 Ostrea (crassostrea) gigas Thunberg 1.51 1.34 1.31 Turbo cornutus Solander 1.37 1.29 1.03 Haliotis gigantea Gmelin 1.33 1.46 1.22 In six species of marine fishes examined, Pu/Py and G+C/A+U ratios of RNA vary in respective wide ranges of 1.02-1.31, 0.97-1.51, while G+U/A+C ratio in the range of 1.26-1.46, not far from 1.3. This G+U/A+C ratio seems to be specific in this species.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 1994

In the animal model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurethane (NNNMU) the secretory activity of alveolar type H cells during acute alveolar injury was investigated by determining phospholipid and pulmonary surfactant associated proteins in crude surfactant. The mechanism of the secretory change was studied by determination of DNA and RNA levels in the lung tissue. After induction of acute alveolar injury with NNNMU, pulmonary hemorrhage, atelectasis and gross hypertrophy were observed. Seven days after NNNMU treatment the level of total DNA in lung homogenate was increased markedly indicating that a hypertrophy was induced by cellular proliferation. Although the total DNA level increased, the RNA/DNA ratio was gradually decreased after NNNMU treatment. Seven days after NNNMU treatment the RNA/DNA ratio returned to the normal control level. During the acute alveolar injury, phospholipid and surfactant associated proteins were reduced significantly as compared with the control, implying that the secretory activity of alveolar type II cells was altered during acute alveolar injury induced by NNNMU. The protein content in crude surfactant during peak injury(7 days after NNNMU) was decreased significantly but phospholipid/protein ratios were identical in both control and NNNMU treatment groups. SDS-PAGE of proteins in crude pulmonary surfactant showed a decrease in major surfactant associated protein(M.W. 38,000) during acute alveolar injury. The present study may suggest that while alveolar type H cells proliferate markedly, transcription of alveolar type ll cell gene was inhibited by an unknown mechanism such as DNA methylation induced by NNNMU. Such an inhibition of transcriptional activity is thought to be associated with the decreased secretory activity of alveolar type ll cells, which may lead to pulmonary atelectasis and edema during the acute alveolar injury.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2009

The seasonal reproductive cycle of Gomphina melanaegis collected in the coastal area of Jumunjin, between April 2006 and March 2007, was analyzed. Maturation cycle parameters such as the gonad index (GI), ovarian egg diameter, frequency of developmental stages, protein content, and RNA/DNA variation in the gonads were analyzed monthly for the 40 samples. According to the indices from histological sections, the frequency of gonad developmental stages, and the oocyte diameter, this clam has a long-term partial spawning pattern from March to October. However, GI and nucleic acid values showed that the mature stage is from March to July and that the main spawning season is August. The peak RNA and DNA contents were good indicators of sexual maturation in females and males, respectively. The variation in protein content corresponded with the RNA/DNA ratios.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1988

The effect of maternal low protein diets during gestation and lactation on growth and development of young rats was investigated. Pregnant and/or lactating rats were fed the diet containing 20% or 11.7%casein. DNA, RNA and total protein were determined in liver, muscle and brain of 21-day-old young rats and lipid contents and acetylcholinesterase activity in brain. Body and organ weight of young rats were measured. DNA, RNA and protein contents of liver, muscle and brain of young rats were less in maternal low protein group than that of control group. Total lipid and cholesterol contents in brain were less(p<0.01) in low protein group than that of control group than that of control group. And also brain acety;cholnesterase activity of low protein group was significantly (p<0.01) lower than those of control group, but their each organ weight ratios in relation to body weight was higher than that of control group. It could be suggested that the maternal low protein during gestation and lactation has influenced on cell number, cell size, protein content, brain lipid content and acetyl-cholinesterase activity of the offsprings.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.357-362
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• 2010

To enhance therapeutic effects of insulin-sensitizing adipokine, ADN gene and potent agonists, rosiglitazone for the $PPAR{\gamma}$, cationic liposomes as non-viral vectors were formulated. The particle size and zeta potential of drug loaded and unloaded cationic liposomes were investigated. The complex formation between cationic liposomes and negatively charged plasmid DNA was confirmed and the protection from DNase was observed. In vitro transfection was investigated in HepG2, HeLa, and HEK293 cells by mRNA expression of ADN. Encapsulation efficacy of rosiglitazone-loaded liposomes was determined by UV detection. Particle sizes of cationic liposomes were in the range of 110-170 nm and those of rosiglitazone-loaded cationic liposomes were in the range of 130-180 nm, respectively. Gel retardation of complexes indicated that the complex was formed at weight ratios of cationic lipid to plasmid DNA higher than 20:1. Both complexes protected plasmid DNA from DNase either drug free or drug loading. Encapsulation efficiency of rosiglitazone-loaded emulsion was increased by drug dose. The mRNA expression levels of ADN were dose-dependently increased in cells transfected with plasmid DNA. Therefore, cationic liposomes could be potential co-delivery system for drug and gene.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.948-953
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• 2021

To find the optimal eggs to larvae transforming temperature of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, we investigated their hatching pattern, mortality, and larval deformities. Results showed that the hatching quality decreased as the water temperature increased and dropped sharply above 13℃. The highest hatching rate was achieved at 7℃, whereas the lowest was at 15℃. Dead eggs were not observed at 7℃; however, dead egg ratios were significantly high at 4.5℃ and above 13℃ (P<0.05). Mortality of larvae after hatching was not observed at 4.5℃, but was significantly high above 13℃. The DNA content of the larvae did not show any significant difference at all water temperatures; however, RNA content was the highest at 7℃ and was significantly low above 11℃. In addition, RNA/DNA ratio was the highest at 7℃. Larval deformities after hatching were low at 7-11℃ and higher at higher or lower water temperature. Therefore, the hatching index and larval health index of Walleye pollock eggs in this study show that 7℃ to 11℃ seems to be the optimal transforming water temperature range.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.76-77
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• 2003

Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae and early juveniles were reared for 43 days after hatching in order to observe the effects of starvation during development and metamorphosis. Morphological, histological and biochemical measurements were made to assess the nutritional condition during growth and starvation from pre-matamorphic through post-metamorphic phases. Two groups of fish were compared ; one with sufficient food supply and one under continuous starvation until death. Among morphometric analyses, both ratios of body height at anus/head height and pre-/post-anal lengths appeared to be sensitive to starvation during which substantial reduction was observed within a day of food deprivation. Histological variables as intestinal and rectal epithelial heights and gall bladder volume changed significantly with onset of starvation. The gut epithelial heights of starving fish decreased with advances in starvation, although they fluctuated during mid-metamorphic phase. In contrast, gall bladder volume increased remarkably soon after starvation. Ontogenetic changes in both gut epithelial height and gall bladder volume were evident, those associated with settlement and/or completion of metamorphosis. Abrupt decrease in the RNA/DNA ratios of starving fish were found right after onset of starvation. Even in the fed fish marked fluctuations in its ratios during metamorphosis were observed, evident by decreasing from late-metamorphic to post-metamorphic stages. These findings suggest that a combination of morphologically and histologically sensitive characteristics, and biochemical measurement could be utilized as a measure to evaluate nutritional condition related to starvation in wild olive flounder larvae and juveniles.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein levels and casein/whey ratios on organ growth and protein metabolism in early weaned rats. Premature rats weaned by the 17th day were fed six semipurified synthetic, isocaloric and gel diets that contained three levels (low, medium and high) and two different combinations(casein/whey ; 80 : 20 or 20 : 80) of milk protein for 8 days. On the 25th day postpartum, frest weigth and DNA, RNA and milk protein contents in brain, liver, kidney and muscle were determined to ascertain organ and cellular growth. Futher, with a view to ascertain protein metabolism and renal functions, serum total protein, $\alpha$-amino N, urea N, and creatinine and creatinine and urinary urea N, creatinine and hydroxproline were determined. Total DNA contents of brain, liver and kidney, which may represent as an index of cell numbers in those organs were significantly decreased in the rats fed diets containing low level protein regardless of casein/whey ratio. However, as fat as the rats fed high protein diets were concerned, their fresh weight, protein contents and GFR of kidney were significantly increased. Furthermore, nitrogen components, $\alpha$-amino N, urea N and creatinie in serum and urine were also increassed. Another observation was that high casein/whey ratio significantly facilitated accumulation of porteins in muscle and kidney and urinary hydorxyproline excretion, not affecting the DNA content of those organs. This study showed that low(8%) or high(32%) contents of protein had less desirable effects either on protein metabolism or on organ cellular growth in prematurely weaned rats, whereas there were no effects on general growth and bone strength.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.263-267
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• 2004

Branched and linear polyethylenimines (PEIs) have been studied as efficient and versatile agents for gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. PEIs exist in a linear or branched topology and are available in a wide range of molecular weight (Mw). Most studies have been done using PEIs with Mw higher than 10Kd. This study was aimed to test the transfection efficiency and the cell viability following gene delivery using PEI of Mw 2Kd, a relatively lower Mw cationic polymer. We used murine interleukin-2(mIL-2) plasmid DNA complexed with branched PEI 2Kd or 25Kd, and transfected them into a myoblast muscle cell line, C2C12. The cellular uptake of mIL-2 plasmid DNA was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RNA transcript levels were studied in the myoblast cells. Our results show that PEI 2Kd was as effective as PEI 25Kd in celluar gene delivery and transfection efficiency in C2C12 cells. Moreover, MTT assay indicated that PEI 2Kd/DNA complexes did not significantly reduce the cell viability regardless of N/P ratios. These results suggest that PEI of Mw 2Kd might play a role as effective and low toxic nonviral vector systems for muscular cell lines.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1830-1836
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• 2003

Studies using natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) identification indicated that cattle could be selected for immunity. Several studies performed on intracellular organisms such as Mycobacterium, Salmonella, Brucella and Leishmania in human and mouse revealed that resistance against these bacteria was dependent on high activity of NRAMP1 in macrophages. However, hardly any researches have been done on Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis, which is an intracellular organism and the main cause of bovine mastitis. The objectives of this study were to establish reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods, through which NRAMP1 mRNA expression could be compared and analyzed between mastitis-resistant and -susceptible cows. NRAMP1 gene and its expression were investigated using 20 cows (Holstein Friesian) in Korea. Cows were evenly split into two groups, with and without histories of clinical mastitis. Equivalent numbers of cows were randomly selected from each group. Monocytes were isolated from the bovine peripheral blood of each selected cows and activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). mRNA was separated from the monocytes and cDNA of NRAMP1 was synthesized and amplified using RT-PCR with amplification of $\beta$-actin as a control. The difference in NRAMP1 expressions of mastitis-resistant (n=10) and -susceptible (n=10) Holstein cows was analyzed. Results demonstrate that resistant cows produced more NRAMP1 mRNA than the susceptible ones, and ratios of NRAMP1:$\beta$-actin expression were higher in resistant cows with or without LPS activation. Therefore, this study could be applied to select bovine mastitis resistant cows before infection based on the expression of NRAMP1.