• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness of combined marine healing programs by analyzing the physical composition of elderly musculoskeletal and metabolic patients, the risk factors of metabolic syndrome and the effects of the inflammatory factors, the C -reactive protein (CRP). Methods : Individuals with musculoskeletal and metabolic diseases were identified, and marine healing programs were conducted for f our hours each day for two weeks with 11 elderly participants. A one-way RM ANOVA was conducted to determine the differences due to treatment with composite marine healing systems. The results are as follows. Results : After a two-week ocean healing program, weight decreased the most, while BMI also decreased and muscle mass increased. Waist circumference, a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and CRP, decreased, and CRP demonstrated a decreasing trend. Conclusion : The above results show that the two-week marine healing program has a positive effect on the body composition and inflammatory factors of elderly musculoskeletal and metabolic patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was undertaken to compare the signal characteristics of surface electromyography (EMG) between progressive resistive increase exercise (PRIE) and progressive resistive decrease exercise (PRDE). Methods: Forty healthy male subjects were randomly assigned to either the PRIE group or the PRDE group. Subjects participated in the PRIE and PRDE methods, with 10 RM for each subject. EMG activity was recorded from the rectus femoris muscle. Outcome data were collected for both groups pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, then at 5 and 10 minutes post-exercise. Repeated measures 2-way ANOVA was used to determine the statistical difference of the root mean square (RMS) in EMG activity. Results: We showed that RMS values, when compared with pre-exercise, were decreased immediately after exercise and were increased at 5 and 10 minutes after exercise (p<0.05). The RMS values were not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: These results can indicate that both the PRIE and PRDE protocols will be improve strength with equivalent efficacy. Further studies are needed to address exercise duration, frequency of exercise sessions, and rest times than the PRIE and PRDE protocols with regard to the changes in strength improvement without a large amount of muscle fatigue.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.102-110
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the effects of a community-based fall prevention exercise program for older adults on lower extremity muscle strength, balance ability, and fall efficacy. Methods: This study recruited 30 participants, and the program was conducted for 10 weeks. The program included sessions on strength and balance exercises, conducted for 50 minutes a day and at least three times a week. The collected data were analyzed using non-parametric (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, generalized estimated equation) and parametric statistics (paired t-test, rmANOVA). Results: After 12 weeks of exercise program, lower extremity muscle strength and static-dynamic balance ability significantly increased. The fall efficacy increased from an average score of 2.48 points before the test to an average score of 2.91 points after the test. Regarding general characteristics, there were no significant differences in effect before and after the program, except for fall efficacy. Conclusion: The above results showed that the intervention of a community-based fall prevention exercise program for older adults was effective. Therefore, it is suggested that this exercise program be organized regularly within the center to provide periodic and long-term services.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.113-123
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• 2023

Humic substances are refractory organic compounds that are relatively low in biological activity but known to stimulate phytoplankton growth in estuarine and marine environments. The effect of humic substances on phytoplankton growth was investigated in the seawater zone of the Yeongsan River estuary where an episodic anthropogenic freshwater is discharged, affecting its water properties directly. Water samples and data of water properties were collected at three stations (Sts. A-C) along the channel of the seawater zone in February, May, August and November, 2009. The collected water samples were incubated after humic acids (HA) were added in mesocosm experiments. Phytoplankton (chlorophyll-a) were fractionated into net- (> 20 ㎛) and nano-size (< 20 ㎛) to examine the response of phytoplankton according to size. Their response to HA treatment was assessed by repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). The experiments showed that phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a) significantly increased after HA were added at the stations near the sea dike. Especially, nano-sized chlorophyll-a concentrations increased significantly throughout the seasons. This indicates that understanding the behavior of refractory organic matters such as humic substances is required to better manage altered estuarine ecosystems including the Yeongsan River estuary which are affected by episodic discharge of freshwater from sea dikes.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2021

Objective: This study aims to verify the conventional deadlift motions using by two different grips, thereby elucidating the grounds for effective training methods that can minimize the risk of injury. Method: Total of 18 healthy young adults were recruited for this study (age: 25.11±2.19 yrs., height: 175.67±5.22 cm, body mass: 78.5±8.09 kg, 1-RM: 125.75±19.48 kg). All participants were asked to perform conventional deadlift with two types of grips which are overhand grip (OG) and underhand grip (UG). In each grip, participant perform the deadlift with 50% and 80% of the pre-measured 1-RM. A 3-dimensional motion analysis with 8 infrared cameras and 3 channels of EMG was performed in this study. A two-way ANOVA (group × load) with repeated measure was used for statistical verification. The significant level was set at α=.05. Results: There were significant differences in grip type and weight on the right shoulder joint, and only significant difference in grip on the left shoulder joint (p<.05). The hip joint ROM was significantly increased as the weight increased in both types of grips on phase 1, while the ROM of hip joint was significantly decreased as the weight increased only in the case of OG on phase 2 (p<.05). In case of the OG, as the weight, increased significantly increased L1 ROM and L3 ROM were revealed on phase 1 and phase 2, respectively (p<.05). Moreover, as the weight increased, UG revealed significantly decreased L5 ROM on phase 1, while both grips showed significantly increased ROM on phase 2 (p<.05). In addition, the erector spinae and the biceps femoris, which are synergist for the motion, showed a significant difference in both types of grip according to the weight (p<.05). The muscle activity ratio of gluteus maximus/biceps femoris showed a significant difference only in the UG according to the weight (p<.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, beginners might be suggested to use the UG for maintaining the neutral state of the lumbar spine and focus on the gluteus maximus muscle, which is the main activation muscle. For the experts, it may recommend alternative use of the OG and UG according to the training purpose to minimize the compensation effect.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.505-514
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the muscle activation in trunk and low-limbs muscle during squat exercise on various instability surface. 10 subject performed squat with 75% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) on a stable floor, stability blue, stability black and BOSU. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured trunk muscle such as rectus abdomina (RA), external obliques (EO), internal obliques (IO), multifidus (MF), and low-limbs muscle such as gluteus maximus (GMA), gluteus medius (GME), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus lateral oblique (VLO), medialis gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), soleus (SOL) and anterior tibia (AT) when ascending and descending squat phase. One-way ANOVA repeated measure with Sheffe used to compare the muscle activity on the stable and unstable surface. Squat with BOSU ball induces higher muscle activity of IO, MF, GMA and GME compared with stability and stability blue and blackduring descending motion. Squat with BOSU ball induces higher muscle activity of GMA compared with stability and stability blue and blackduring ascending motion. This results suggested that BOSU ball in the squat could be effective increasing of trunk stability and gluteal muscle activity. However, there was no difference of squat on low-limb muscle with or without instability.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2004

This study was designed to determine the effects of different widths in the base of support (BOS) on trunk and lower extremity muscle activation during upper extremity exercise. Twenty-seven healthy male subjects volunteered for this study. Exercises were performed for a total of 10 trials with a load of 10 repetitions maximum (10 RM) for each of the various widths of BOS (10 cm, 32 cm, 45 cm). The width of a BOS is the distance between each medial malleoli when a subject was in a comfortable standing position. Electromyography was used to determine muscle activation. Surface bipolar electrodes were applied over the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, upper rectus abdominis, and elector spinae muscle. Electromyographic (EMG) root mean square (RMS) signal intensity was normalized to 5 seconds of EMG obtained with a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The data were analyzed by atwo-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated-measures ($3{\times}7$) and Bonferroni post hoc test. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in the width of the BOS (p=.006). (2) The post hoc test showed significant differences with the BOS between 10 cm and 32 cm, between 10 cm and 45 cm and between 32 cm and 35 cm (p=.008, p=.003, p=.011). (3) There was no interaction with the BOS and muscle. (p=.438) There were no significant differences in the muscle activation (p=.215).

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

The Korean GDP per capita doubled during the last 10 years. As the GDP increases, Korean health behaviors such as, eating, drinking, smoking, and exercise habits changed as well. Compared to the remarkably advanced diagnostic technologies and therapeutics during the last decade, the leading causes of death in Korea scarcely changed. Among the leading causes of death, cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, diabetes, liver disease and hypertension are closely related to health behaviors. Using the database of medical check-up between 2001 and 2010, the authors performed a longitudinal study for the prevalence rates and the trends of major chronic adult diseases among the 2,721 workers along with their health behavior. Among the diagnostic test items, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol and BMI levels showed steady increase and these three test items all showed linear trends (p<0.001). The average blood sugar and cholesterol levels were near worrying levels. Moreover, the average BMI of males was found to be at the overweight level, intimating the possibility reaching thee Obese Class I level soon if there are no aggressive counter measures. Fasting blood sugar and cholesterol levels were higher in a drinking group as compared to a non-drinking group, and the BMI levels were also higher in the drinking group and the smoking group as compared to the non-drinking and the non-smoking group (p<0.001). Finally, the authors believe that the fasting blood sugar, cholesterol and BMI levels should be designated as target monitoring test items in the medical check-up for Korean employees.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.177-188
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• 2011

This paper proposes a DEA model for the performance evaluation of each brand of coking coals in an integrated steel mill. The performance is defined as the efficiency which is the ratio of two linear combinations of the output factors to the input factors. There is only one input factor considered in the model : unit price of each brand based on CIF. Five output factors are chosen in consideration of their impact to the quality of cokes such as Ash, VM, LMF, TD, and Rm. Some of the output factors are treated as undesirable in DEA model because the quality criteria are given by the range. The CCR and BCC efficiencies are derived by the DEA model, and the scale efficiency is calculated, too. Each brand of coking coal is classified into four categories according to the CCR and BCC efficiencies, and the most inferior brands are identified as a result. The impact of the input and output factors to the efficiency is analyzed using a multiple regression, then the unit price is revealed as the most critical among them. Also, ANOVA results show that there exist efficiency differences among the coal types and the countries imported, respectively. Finally, the quantitative projection for the inefficient brands is performed if they are to be efficient. The result could be utilized in selecting the good or bad brands of coking coal based on the efficiency in an integrated steel mill. Also, this model will be used to assess the relative efficiency of a new brand of coking coal if it is a candidate to be imported.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.161-163
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 등속성 운동수행 및 측정시 hip joint angle에 따라 대퇴근육의 concentric 과 eccentric 근력차이를 분석하기 위하여 등속성 기기 의자 등받이 경사각도를 $100^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$, $140^{\circ}$에서 peak torque를 검사하였다. 대상자는 20대 초반의 건강한 남자 대학생 12명을 대상으로, 등속성 기기(Isomed 2000, Germany)를 이용하여 seated position에서 $60^{\circ}/s$ 의 각속도를 사용하여 검사를 수행하였다. 측정순서는 등속성기기 의자 등받이 경사각도 $100^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$, $140^{\circ}$ 순으로 2-3일 간격으로 진행하였다. 통계처리 방법은 SPSS 12.0 프로그램을 이용하여 평균과 표준편차를 산출하였으며, 각각의 hip angle에 따른 단축성과 신장성 peak torque 값의 차이는 one-way ANOVA(3RM)을 이용하여 처리하였고, 사후검증은 Tukey를 사용하였으며, 유의수준은 p<.05로 하였다. 연구결과 대퇴사두근의 단축성 근력은 등속성 기기 의자 등받이 경사각 $100^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$, $140^{\circ}$사이에 유의한 차이(p=.000)가 나타나 사후 분석결과 $100^{\circ}$와 $120^{\circ}$ 사이(p<.01) 그리고 $100^{\circ}$와 $140^{\circ}$ 사이(p<.001)에 유의한 차이를 나타내었으며, 신장성 근력에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 햄스트링의 단축성 근력은 3종류의 hip angle사이에 유의한 차이(p=.001)가 나타나 사후분석결과 $100^{\circ}$와 $140^{\circ}$사이(p<.05) 그리고 $120^{\circ}$와 $140^{\circ}$ 사이(p<.01)에 유의한 차이를 나타내었으며, 그러나 신장성 근력에서는 유의한 차이가 나타지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 등속성 운동수행 및 근력측정 시 hip joint angle 에 따라 대퇴사두근과 햄스트링의 단축성 근력에서 유의한 차이가 나타나 hip joint angle을 고려하여 대퇴근육의 운동및 측정이 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.