• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.2
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• pp.169-190
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• 2004

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can't overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector's personal taste or hut also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin's argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public's quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics' articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.13.1-13.14
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• 2020

Currently, the systems for culturing buffalo spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in vitro are varied, and their effects are still inconclusive. In this study, we compared the effects of culture systems with undefined (foetal bovine serum) and defined (KnockOut Serum Replacement) materials on the in vitro culture of buffalo SSC-like cells. Significantly more DDX4- and UCHL1-positive cells (cultured for 2 days at passage 2) were observed in the defined materials culture system than in the undefined materials system (p < 0.01), and these cells were maintained for a longer period than those in the culture system with undefined materials (10 days vs. 6 days). Furthermore, NANOS2 (p < 0.05), DDX4 (p < 0.01) and UCHL1 (p < 0.05) were expressed at significantly higher levels in the culture system with defined materials than in that with undefined materials. Induction with retinoic acid was used to verify that the cultured cells maintained SSC characteristics, revealing an SCP3+ subset in the cells cultured in the defined materials system. The expression levels of Stra8 (p < 0.05) and Rec8 (p < 0.01) were significantly increased, and the expression levels of ZBTB16 (p < 0.01) and DDX4 (p < 0.05) were significantly decreased. These findings provided a clearer research platform for exploring the mechanism of buffalo SSCs in vitro.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.899-907
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• 2023

Objective: The better understanding of laying pattern of birds is crucial for developing breed-specific proper breeding scheme and management. Methods: Daily egg production until 50 wk of age of six chicken breeds including one layer (White Leghorn, WL), three dual-purpose (Rhode Island Red, RIR; Columbian Plymouth Rock, CR; and Barred Plymouth Rock, BR), one synthetic dwarf (DY), and one indigenous (Beijing-You Chicken, BYC) were used to characterize their clutch traits and egg production. The age at first egg, egg number, average and maximum clutch length, pause length, and number of clutches and pauses were calculated accordingly. Results: The egg number and average clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were higher than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The numbers of clutches and pauses, and pause length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were lower than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The coefficient variations of clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (57.66%, 66.49%, 64.22%, and 55.35%, respectively) were higher than DY (41.84%) and BYC (36.29%), while the coefficient variations of egg number in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (9.10%, 9.97%, 10.82%, and 9.92%) were lower than DY (15.84%) and BYC (16.85%). The clutch length was positively correlated with egg number (r = 0.51 to 0.66; p<0.01), but not correlated with age at first egg in all breeds. Conclusion: The six breeds showed significant different clutch and egg production traits. Due to the selection history, the high and median productive layer breeds had higher clutch length than those of the less productive indigenous BYC. The clutch length is a proper selection criterion for further progress in egg production. The age at first egg, which is independent of clutch traits, is especially encouraged to be improved by selection in the BYC breed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1519-1523
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• 2006

Through a screening and selection approach method, decamer random markers were used in a technique called random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay with 252 genomic DNAs isolated from four major Haimen chicken populations: Rugao (62), Jiangchun (62), Wan-Nan (63) and Cshiqishi (65). A total of 3-score decamer random primers (S241-S260, S1081-S1100 and S1341-S1360) were employed in the preliminary RAPD-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) assay with 50 random template DNA samples from all the populations. Four (6.67%) of the primers that produced obvious polymorphic patterns, interpretable and reproducible bands were selected and used with both the individual DNAs from each population and with pooled DNA samples of the four populations in subsequent analyses. The selected primers produced a total of 131 fragments with molecular size ranging from 835 to 4,972 base pairs (bp) when used with the individual DNAs; 105 (80.15%) of these fragments were polymorphic. With the pooled DNAs, 47 stable and characteristic bands with molecular size ranging from 840 to 4,983 bp, of which 23 (48.94%) polymorphic, were also generated. The band-sharing coefficient (BSC) calculated for the individuals in the population and among populations of bulked samples was between 0.8247 (Rugao) and 0.9500 (Cshiqishi); for pairwise populations, it was between 0.7273 (Rugao vs. Wan-Nan) and 0.9367 (Jiangchun vs. Cshiqishi) chicken populations. Using the BSC for individual and pairwise populations, the Nei's standard genetic distances between the chicken populations were determined and ranged from 0.0043 (Jiangchun vs. Cshiqishi) to 0.1375 (Rugao vs. Cshiqishi). The reconstructed dendrogram linked the Jiangchun and Cshiqishi chickens as closely related populations, followed by Wan-Nan, while the Rugao was the most genetically distant among the populations.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare the difference of joint position sense between measurements. Fourteen healthy male subjects were recruited for this study. The elbow joint position senses were measured using angle reproduction test. The elbow joint position sense was assessed with three experimental conditions: ipsilateral reproduction test in open-chain condition, contralateral reproduction test in open-chain condition, ipsilateral reproduction test with weight in open-chain condition and ipsilateral reproduction test in closed-chain condition. The angular difference between stimulus position and the reproduced position (angular error) was calculated in all testing conditions to examine the accuracy of the joint position sense. One way ANOVA was used to compare the error angles in all experimental conditions. The error angles between measurements were significantly different in elbow joint. The error angles was smallest in ipsilateral reproduction test with weight in open-chain condition and was greatest in the contralateral reproduction test in open-chain condition. Findings of this study indicate that testing methods, types of task, existence of resistance should be considered in clinical assessment for the joint position sense.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.525-531
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• 2007

As a $\beta_2$-adrenergic agonist, clenbuterol decreases body fat, but the molecular mechanism underlying this process is unclear. In the present study, we treated 293T and L-02 cells with clenbuterol and found that clenbuterol downregulates SREBP-1c expression and upregulates CREB1 expression. Considering SREBP-1c has the function of regulating the transcription of several lipogenic enzymes, we considered that the downregulation of SREBP-1c is responsible for body fat reduction by clenbuterol. Many previous studies have found that clenbuterol markedly increases intracellular cAMP levels, therefore, we also investigated whether CREB1 is involved in this process. The data from our experiments indicate that CREB1 overexpression inhibits SREBP-1c transcription, and that this action is antagonized by CREB2, a competitive inhibitor of CREB1. Furthermore, since PPARs are able to repress SREBP-1c transcription, we investigated whether clenbuterol and CREB1 function via a pathway involving PPAR activation. However, our results showed that clenbuterol or CREB1 overexpression suppressed PPARs transcription in 293T and L-02 cells, which suggested that they impair SREBP-1c expression in other ways.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.1009-1014
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• 2012

Environmental stress boosts the levels of stress hormones and accelerates energy expenditure which subsequently imbalance the body's homeostasis. L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) has been recognized to mitigate the negative impact of environmental stress on production performances in birds. The present investigation was carried out to elucidate the effect of different dietary levels of L-AA on production performance, egg quality traits and fertility in Japanese quail at low ambient temperature. Sixty matured females (15 wks) were equally divided into three groups (20/group) based on the different dietary levels of L-AA (0, 250 and 500 ppm) and coupled with an equal number of males (1:1) obtained from the same hatch. They were managed in uniform husbandry conditions without restriction of feed and water at 14 h photo-schedule. Except for feed efficiency, body weight change, feed consumption and hen-day egg production were recorded highest in 500 ppm L-AA supplemented groups. Among the all egg quality traits studied, only specific gravity, shell weight and thickness differed significantly (p<0.05) in the present study. Fertility was improved significantly ($p{\leq}0.01$) to a dose dependent manner of L-AA. The findings of the present study concluded that dietary L-AA can be a caring management practice at least in part to alleviate the adverse effect of cold induced stress on production performance in Japanese quail.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.263-289
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of the provisions for library exceptions in copyright laws and to suggest the direction for the revision of provision in the Copyright Act of Korea. This study compares and analyzes the provisions for library exceptions in several countries' copyright law including Korea, Japan, UK, Australia and USA. This study found that the most common issues in library exception provisions are providing reproduction for users, reproduction for preservation, reproduction for interlibrary loan and digitization of library collections but the conditions for each issue are quite different. The suggestions for the revision of the library exceptions in the Copyright Act of Korea are as follows: changing the amount of reproduction of unpublished works, of works which cannot be obtained at a fair price and of periodicals for users, the transmitting digital reproduction to the user under limited conditions, preparing conditions for reproduction for preservation in libraries, preparing the applicable provisions for reproductions for interlibrary loans and for the limitation of works to be digitized and extending their use at the same time.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.667-675
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• 2015

As the interest on the high-definition and high-quality broadcasting is increased, the request on the high quality sound signal is enlarged as well as on the video signal's quality. One factor contributing to the high-quality of audio signal is an expansion of reproduction channels like 10.2channel and 22.2channel, but there is a problem of speaker installation issue of these many channels. One solution to solve this problem, we can use frontal loudspeaker array reproduction technique making virtual surround sound. So in this paper, we introduce theocratical analysis on the Wave Field Synthesis used for speaker array based sound reproduction and also present the result about the subjective listening test of reproduction performance based on this technique to check the perfoemance of this system. As a result, we showed WFS based frontal loudspeaker array reproduction method could provide sufficient performance compared to conventional discrete 5.1 channel reproduction method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1060-1068
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• 2011

The LDH isozymes are key catalysts in the glycolytic pathway of energy metabolism. It is well known that the distribution of the LDH isozymes vary in accordance with the metabolic requirements of different tissues. The substrates required for energy production change noticeably at successive stages of testes development suggesting a significant flexibility in the expression of glycolytic enzymes. Therefore, expression of LHDA and LDHB mRNAs was examined in adult and prepubertal quail testis. The mRNA of both LDHA and LDHB were expressed and no significant difference was observed in prepubertal testes. The mRNA levels of LDHB significantly increased during testicular development. In the adult testis, LDHA mRNA was not expressed. Expression studies revealed the presence of different LDH isozymes during testicular development. In contrast, electrophoresis of both testicular samples revealed only single band at a position indicative of an extreme type of LDH isozyme in quail testes. Furthermore, nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis revealed significant similarity to chicken, duck and rock pigeon. These sequence results confirmed the similarity of LDHA and LDHB subunit protein in different avian species.