• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.1069-1089
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• 2015

This paper investigates the limits and efficacies of the Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) material for strengthening mid-rise RC buildings against seismic actions. Turkey, the region of the highest seismic risk in Europe, is chosen as the case-study country, the building stock of which consists in its vast majority of mid-rise RC residential and/or commercial buildings. Strengthening with traditional methods is usually applied in most projects, as ordinary construction materials and no specialized workmanship are required. However, in cases of tight time constraints, architectural limitations, durability issues or higher demand for ductile performance, FRP material is often opted for since the most recent Turkish Earthquake Code allows engineers to employ this advanced-technology product to overcome issues of inadequate ductility or shear capacity of existing RC buildings. The paper compares strengthening of a characteristically typical mid-rise Turkish RC building by two methods, i.e., traditional column jacketing and FRP strengthening, evaluating their effectiveness with respect to the requirements of the Turkish Earthquake Code. The effect of FRP confinement is explicitly taken into account in the numerical model, unlike the common procedure followed according to which the demand on un-strengthened members is established and then mere section analyses are employed to meet the additional demands.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2017

In this study, two geometrically identical multi-storey steel buildings with different lateral load resisting systems are structurally analyzed under same earthquake conditions and they are compared with respect to their construction costs of their structural systems. One of the systems is a steel structure with eccentrically steel braced frames. The other one is a RC wall-steel frame system, that is a steel framed structure in combination with a reinforced concrete core and shear walls of minimum thickness that the national code allows. As earthquake resisting systems, steel braced frames and reinforced concrete shear walls, for both cases are located on identical places in either building. Floors of both buildings will be of reinforced concrete slabs of same thickness resting on composite beams. The façades are assumed to be covered identically with light-weight aluminum cladding with insulation. Purpose of use for both buildings is an office building of eight stories. When two systems are structurally analyzed by FEM (finite element method) and dimensionally compared, the dual one comes up with almost 34% less cost of construction with respect to their structural systems. This in turn means that, by using a dual system in earthquake zones such as Turkey, for multi-storey steel buildings with RC floors, more economical solutions can be achieved. In addition, slender steel columns and beams will add to that and consequently more space in rooms is achieved.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.939-963
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• 2016

According to the new directives about the rational and efficient use of energy, thermal bridges in buildings have to be avoided, and the thermal insulation (TI) layer should run without interruptions all around the building - even under its foundations. The paper deals with the seismic response of multi-storeyed reinforced concrete (RC) frame building structures founded on an extruded polystyrene (XPS) layer placed beneath the foundation slab. The purpose of the paper is to elucidate the problem of buildings founded on a TI layer from the seismic resistance point of view, to assess the seismic behaviour of such buildings, and to search for the critical parameters which can affect the structural and XPS layer response. Nonlinear dynamic and static analyses were performed, and the seismic response of fixed-base (FB) and thermally insulated (TI) variants of nonlinear RC building models were compared. Soil-structure interaction was also taken into account for different types of soil. The results showed that the use of a TI layer beneath the foundation slab of a superstructure generally induces a higher peak response compared to that of a corresponding system without TI beneath the foundation slab. In the case of stiff structures located on firm soil, amplification of the response might be substantial and could result in exceedance of the superstructure's moment-rotation plastic hinge capacities or allowable lateral roof and interstorey drift displacements. In the case of heavier, slenderer, and higher buildings subjected to stronger seismic excitations, the overall response is governed by the rocking mode of oscillation, and as a consequence the compressive strength of the XPS could be insufficient. On the other hand, in the case of low-rise and light-weight buildings, the friction capacity between the layers of the applied TI foundation set might be exceeded so that sliding could occur.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2002

Reconstruction and redevelopment of old and dilapidated apartment and housing have been increasing to provide more housing accommodation and to secure the safety of building structures since the middle of 1990's. Since, however, little researches on the demolition technique have been made, conventional mechanical demolition method were applied to the most of works that resulted in flooding in small demolition companies. Problems associated with mechanical demolition method are increase not only in working days and costs, but also in public claims, particularly for high-rise building structures. This is to contribute the demolition industries bt providing the concept, standards, and technique of demolition engineering while maximizing working efficiency and minimizing public claims.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.387-392
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• 2002

In many years, post-tensioning method has been used for structural reinforcement of RC structures due to easy installation and good quality control. This study presents practical application results for the effectiveness of structural post-tensioning reinforcement of the FCM bridge girders, cement silos and building girders. For the FCM bridges deflected excessively at the end of girders, for cement silos cracked vertically at silo surface and for building girders deflected due to heavy load from roof, the external post-tensioning method was used for uplifting deflected girders and closing cracks with increasing resisting capacity of the structures. It was demonstrated that all the items were rehabilitated nearly to the initial construction status according to the field test results.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.185-201
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• 2022

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is used to provide reliable information about the structure's integrity in near realtime following extreme incidents such as earthquakes, considering the inevitable aging and degradation that occurs in operating environments. This paper experimentally investigates an integrated wireless sensor network (Wi-SN) based monitoring technique for damage detection in concrete structures. An effective SHM technique can be used to detect potential structural damage based on post-earthquake data. Two novel methods are proposed for damage detection in reinforced concrete (RC) building structures including: (i) Jerk Energy Method (JEM), which is based on time-domain analysis, and (ii) Modal Contributing Parameter (MCP), which is based on frequency-domain analysis. Wireless accelerometer sensors are installed at each story level to monitor the dynamic responses from the building structure. Prior knowledge of the initial state (immediately after construction) of the structure is not required in these methods. Proposed methods only use responses recorded during ambient vibration state (i.e., operational state) to estimate the damage index. Herein, the experimental studies serve as an illustration of the procedures. In particular, (i) a 3-story shear-type steel frame model is analyzed for several damage scenarios and (ii) 2-story RC scaled down (at 1/6th) building models, simulated and verified under experimental tests on a shaking table. As a result, in addition to the usual benefits like system adaptability, and cost-effectiveness, the proposed sensing system does not require a cluster of sensors. The spatial information in the real-time recorded data is used in global damage identification stage of SHM. Whereas in next stage of SHM, the damage is detected at the story level. Experimental results also show the efficiency and superior performance of the proposed measuring techniques.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1349-1362
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• 2015

This paper presents an analytical study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of using buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) in mitigating the seismic response of a case study 6 storey reinforced concrete (RC) building. In the design of the BRBs with non-prismatic cross-sections, twelve combinations of ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ design parameters that influence the strength and stiffness of the BRBs, respectively, were considered. The response of the structure with and without BRBs under earthquake ground accelerations were evaluated through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Two sets of ground motions representative of the design earthquake with 10% and 50% exceedance probability in fifty years were taken into account. By comparing the structural performance of the original and buckling restrained braced structures, it was observed that the use of the BRBs were very effective in mitigating the seismic response as a retrofit scheme. However, the selection of the strength and stiffness parameters of the BRBs had considerable effect on the response characteristics of RC structures. For instance, by increasing the value of ${\alpha}$ and by decreasing the value of ${\beta}$ of the buckling-restrained braces, the maximum deformation demand of the structures increased.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2017

The use of superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs) as reinforcements in concrete structures is gradually gaining interest among researchers. Because of different mechanical properties of SMAs compared to the regular steel bars, the use of SMAs as reinforcement in the concrete may change the response of structures under seismic loads. In this study, the effect of SMAs as reinforcement in concrete structures is analytically investigated for 3-, 6- and 8-story reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. For each concrete building, three different reinforcement details are considered: (1) steel reinforcement (Steel) only, (2) SMA bar used in the plastic hinge region of the beams and steel bar in other regions (Steel-SMA), and (3), beams fully reinforced with SMA bar (SMA) and steel bar in other regions. For each case, columns are reinforced with steel bar. Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDA) are performed using ten different ground motion records to determine the seismic performance of Steel, Steel-SMA and SMA RC buildings. Then fragility curves for each type of RC building by using IDA results for IO, LS and CP performance levels are calculated. Results obtained from the analyses indicate that 3-story frames have approximately the same spectral acceleration corresponding with failure of frames, but in the cases of 6 and 8-story frames, the spectral acceleration is higher in frames equipped with steel reinforcements. Furthermore, the probability of fragility in all frames increases by the building height for all performance levels. Finally, economic evaluation of the three systems are compared.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2009

강한 지진에 대한 필로티형 고층 철근콘크리트 건물의 거동을 묘사하기 위한 해석기법의 개발과 성능평가를 위해, 상부벽식 하부 골조형식인 필로티형 건물에 대한 1/12축소 진동대 실험결과와 OpenSees를 이용하여 실험모델에 대한 비선형 시간이력해석을 수행한 결과를 비교하였다. 하부골조 형식은 모두 골조로 이루어진 형태(BF)와 전단벽이 한쪽 외부골조에 치우쳐 비틀림이 발생하는 형태(ESW)의 실험체에 대해 해석연구를 수행하였다. 철근과 콘크리트의 응력-변형률관계를 정의한 후 이를 단면에 이식시킨 섬유모델을 통해 비선형거동을 나타내도록 하였으며, 벽체는 MVLEM모델을 이용하였다. 해석결과 본 논문에서 제시한 비선형 모델은 필로티층의 거동(예를 들면 필로티층의 항복강도와 강성 상부구조물의 흔들림, 거동, 그리고 축력의 변화에 따른 축강성과 전단강성의 변화)을 비교적 정확하게 묘사하였다. 그러나 MVLEM으로 벽체의 비선형거동을 구성한 결과 거시거동은 실제 모델을 잘 따랐으나, 비틀림이 주된 진동주기일 때 발생하는 벽체 횡강성의 급격한 증가와 Warping현상으로 인해 코너기둥에 발생하는 과도한 인장력은 제대로 반영하지 못하였다. 비선형 해석으로 설계부재력을 구할 경우 실제보다 약 $20{\sim}30%$ 작게 나타났는데, 이는 실험과 해석방법의 차이때문에 발생한 것으로 보이며, 비선형 거동이 과도하게 발생한 수준의 지진에 대해서는 필로티형 건물의 거동특성을 충실히 나타내었다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2021

모듈러 공법은 내장재와 기계·전기 설비 등이 시공된 구조체를 제작 공장에서 건설 현장으로 운반하여 설치 및 시공하는 공법이다. 모듈러 공법은 특히 주택과 같은 소규모의 비교적 구조가 간단한 건축물을 대상으로 활발하게 적용되고 있는 추세이다. 국내건설 산업에 모듈러 주택의 도입된 기간이 길지 않은 만큼 아직 모듈러 주택의 환경적 특성에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 모듈러 주택의 단열성능을 적외선 이미지 분석과, Air-Surface Thermal Ratio 방법, 실내외 온도차비를 활용하여 실증적으로 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 실제 서울시에 위치한 준공 후 2년이 경과된 모듈러 주택과 RC 주택을 비교하여 단열성능 분석하였다.