• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.377-389
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• 2010

Understanding the factors relevant to endangerment and the patterns of habitat locations in relation to protected areas is critically important for the conservation of rare species. Although 64 plant species have recently been listed as endangered species in Korea, this information has, until now, not been available, making appropriate management and conservation strategies impossible to devise. Thus, we collected information on potentially threatening factors, as well as information on the locations in which these species were observed. The potentially threatening factors were classified into seven categories. National parks, provincial parks, ecosystem conservation areas, and wetland conservation areas were defined as protected conservation areas. Korean digital elevation model data, along with the maps of all protected areas were combined with the maps of endangered plant species, and analyzed via Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Excluding the category of "small population", endangered plant species in Korea were associated more frequently with extrinsic factors than intrinsic factors. Considering land surface only, all conservation areas in Korea totaled 4.9% of the land, far lower than International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)'s 10% coverage target. At the species level, 69% of the endangered plant species were detected in conservation areas, mostly in national parks. However, this result demonstrates that 31% of endangered species inhabit areas outside the conservation zones. Furthermore, at the habitat level, a large proportion of endangered species were found to reside in unprotected areas, revealing "gaps" in protected land. In the face of rapid environmental changes such as population increases, urbanization, and climate changes, converting these gap areas to endangered species' habitats, or at least including them in habitat networks, will help to perpetuate the existence of endangered species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-103
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• 1994

The floristic characteristics and ecological conservation measures for the plant resources of the Tokyusan National Park. Chollapuk-do, Korea were discussed. The field works was done for three times in nine major areas from April to July, 1993. The total number of vascular plants in this area were summarized as 97 families, 297 genera, 469 species and 541 kinds. The nineteen kinds of artificially planted, twelve kinds of Korean endemics and sixteen kinds of Korean rare and endangered species in the area were revised and compiled in the list. The flora of the area were categorized into the Southern part of the Korean Region, where the species such as Quercus serrata. Fraxinus sieboldiana, Ilex macropoda, Lindera erythrocarpa, Lindera glauca, Rubus coreanus, Taxus cuspidata, Cephalotaxus koreana and Abies koreana were roled as major floristic components in the Korean Region and endemized in the southern part of Korea. The natural communities such as Adonis amurensis Community, Taxus cuspidata Community, Betula ermanii Community, Hemerocalis spp. Community, Rhododendron tschnoskii Community, Rhododendron schlippenbachii Community, Disporum ovale Community, Tricyrtis dilatata Community, and present natural distribution of Abies koreana, and swamp vegetation in Tumunsan areas, as well as upland grassland at the summit of Hyangchokpong were represented for their floristic values in the area. The fifteen kinds of medicinal plants such as Gastrodia elata, seven kinds of ornamental plants such as Adonis amurensis, and thirteen kinds of edible plants such as Ligularia fischeri are faced potentially in endangered from the outrageous collections by the local peoples. The Action Plan for the conservation management of the area which enables sustainable use by the local peoples must be established in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.548-557
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• 2021

Cypripedium japonicum Thunb. is an endemic plant in East Asia, distributed only in Korea, China, and Japan. At the global level, the IUCN Red List evaluates it as "Endangered Species (EN)," and at the national level in Korea, it is evaluated as "Critically Endangered Species (CR)." In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the age structure and the sustainability of the population based on the data obtained by demographic monitoring conducted for seven years in the natural habitat. C. japonicum habitats were observed in 7 regions of Korea (Pochoen, Gapyeong, Hwacheon, Chuncheon, Yeongdong, Muju, Gwangyang), and 4,356 individuals in 15 subpopulations were identified. The population size and structure differed from region to region, and artificial management had a very important effect on the size and structural change of the population. Population viability analysis (PVA) based on changes in the number of individuals of C. japonicum showed a very diverse tendency by region. And the probability of population extinction in the next 100 years was 0.00% for Pocheon, 10.90% for Gwangyang, 24.05% for Chuncheon, and 79.50% for Hwacheon. Since the above monitored study sites were located within the conservation shelters, which restricted access by humans, unauthorized collection of C. japonicum, the biggest threat to the species, was not reflected in the individual viability. So, the risk of extinction in Korea is expected to be significantly higher than that estimated in this study. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect population information in several regions that may represent various threats to determine the extinction risk of the C. japonicum population objectively. In the future, we should expand the demographic monitoring of the C. japonicum population known in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.434-466
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• 2016

In order to illustrate the flora of vascular plants distributed in the Five West Sea Islands, the authors collected vascular plants intensively in Baengnyeongdo and Socheongdo from May 2015 to August 2015. Also, voucher specimens from the previous investigations (Daecheongdo, Yeonpyeongdo and Soyeonpyeongdo) deposited at the Korean National Arboretum (KH) were re-identified. All of them were comprised of 108 families, 420 genera, 728 species, 6 subspecies, 86 varieties and 14 forms, totally 834 taxa. There were 8 endemic taxa, 19 rare taxa, 27 taxa for floristically specific to Korean floral zone except the species of their 1st and 2nd degree, and 107 naturalized taxa among the collected plants. Owing to their unusual phytogeography and low number of populations, the taxa Rosa maximowicziana Regel, Allium anisopodium Ledeb., Bistorta pacifica (Petrov ex Kom.) Kom., Scorzonera austriaca subsp. glabra (Rupr.) Lipsch. & Krasch. ex Lipsch., Iris dichotoma Pall., Amsonia elliptica (Thunb.) Roem. & Schult. were considered the most important. Based on these results, it is clear that appropriate plants to conserve the natural habitat of the Five West Sea Islands must be made immediately.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2020

This study was conducted on propagation use for conservation scheme of a threatened plant; Wikstroemia ganpi (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim(Geomundo false ohelo). The seed propagation was showed higher (95%) in storage and lower values in ground and cutting. Softwood cutting was higher than hardwood cutting and it was possessing higher ratio of rooting that increase concentration of IBA and NAA. It was determined that for Geomundo false ohelo seedling was effective than cutting. In-situ and ex-situ conservation and restoration of substitute habitats of Geomundo false ohelo is therefore necessary due to human trampling in the habitats, damage, natural selection, loss and suppression.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1187-1198
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• 2008

Many reservoirs in Korea and their downstream environments are under increased pressure for water utilization and ecosystem management from longer discharge of turbid flood runoff compared to a natural river system. Turbidity($C_T$) is an indirect measurement of water 'cloudiness' and has been widely used as an important indicator of water quality and environmental "health". However, $C_T$ modeling studies have been rare due to lack of experimental data that are necessary for model validation. The objective of this study is to validate a coupled three-dimensional(3D) hydrodynamic and particle dynamics model (ELCOM-CAEDYM) for the simulation of turbid density flows in stratified Daecheong Reservoir using extensive field data. Three different groups of suspended solids (SS) classified by the particle size were used as model state variables, and their site-specific SS-$C_T$ relationships were used for the conversion between field measurements ($C_T$) and state variables (SS). The simulation results were validated by comparing vertical profiles of temperature and turbidity measured at monitoring stations of Haenam(R3) and Dam(R4) in 2004. The model showed good performance in reproducing the reservoir thermal structure and propagation of stream density flow, and the magnitude and distribution of turbidity in the reservoir were consistent with the field data. The 3D model and turbidity modeling framework suggested in this study can be used as a supportive tool for the best management of turbidity flow in other reservoirs that have similar turbidity problems.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.315-324
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• 2005

The study was carried out to offer the raw data on counterplan of restoration and conservation by systematical and objective analyzing the flora and herbaceous communities around Abeliophyllum distichum habitats. In the results of flora survey, as the site that the most taxa were showed was Yulji-ri, Geosan-gun III, there was surveyed as 114 ones; 48 families, 91 genera, 99 species and 15 varieties, and as Younjeong-ri, Jincheon-gun V was showed the fewest ones, there was appeared 54 ones; 28 families, 49 genera, 47 species and 7 varieties. The dominant species of herbaceous communities were verified Humulus japonicus${\cdot}$Artemisia princeps var. orientalis(Chujeom-ri, Goesan-gun I), Oplismenus undulatifolius(Songdeok-ri, Goesan-gun II and Maechon-ri, Yeongdong-eup IV), Carex siderosticta${\cdot}$Pueraria thunbergiana${\cdot}$Artemisia princeps var. orientalis(Yulji-ri, Geosan-gun III), Streptolirion cordifolium(Younjeong-ri, Jincheon-Eun V) and Sasa borealis(Junggye-ri, Buan-gun IV). In correlation analysis, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis${\cdot}$Carex siderosticta, Sasa borealis${\cdot}$Festuca ovina, Sasa borealis${\cdot}$Smilax china and Festuca ovina${\cdot}$Smilax china were showed the highest relativity. In similarity index analysis, as the site that was showed highest value was Yulji-ri, Geosan-gun III and Maechon-ri, Yeongdong-eup IV, there was turned up about some $27.27\%$. In the results of regression analysis between environmental factors and number of species, R-square of altitude and number of species was some $70.0\%$.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.11-11
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• 2020

Background : The genus Cypripediums are typically adapted to the low temperature and cold climates of the high land in Korea. The species which were reported in Korean peninsula are C.japonicum, C.macranthos, C.calceolus and C.guttatum. We had already reported the successful germination of the C.macranthos and C.guttatum. The small spotted lady's slipper orchid(C.guttatum) is most endangered plants to extinction of which population was reported less than 100 in Korea. The objective of the present research is restoration of the C.guttatum in ex situ and adaptation in high land and nursery. Methods and Results : The 350 seedlings of C.guttatum were transplanted in soil at alpine area(altitude 750m) and the nursery of Korea National Arboretum(KNA) in YangPyeong city on May 2019 and 2020 in order to verify the possibility of ex situ restoration. The sprouted ratio of the seedlings were less than 10% in the alpine area and 83% in the nursery of KNA. The reasons of the diverse survival ratio are presumed as the low moisture content in the soil and heavy shade of the alpine area. The 15 cypripedium species and 29 hybrids were also effectively adapted in the KNA rare plant garden. Conclusion : These results demonstrated the difficulties of the restoration for small spotted lady's slipper orchid in the natural habitation. From the above results, we may conclude that the critical factors of the genus Cypripedium are intensive care for the fragile seedlings during the 1^st year acclimatization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.191-204
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• 1994

Due to its topographic complexities and various climatical condition, Korea exhibits diverse forest types. Dominant tree species in this zone are Quercus spp., Betula spp., Zelkova spp., Fraxinus spp., Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, and Pinus thunbergii ete. Genetic conservation in forest species in Korea there are three ways ; one is in situ, other is ex situ and third is in-facility conservation. In situ conservation include that are the present status of conservation of rare and endangered flora and ecosystem, the reserved forest, the national and provincial park, and the gene pool of natural forests. Ex situ conservation means to be established the new forest from in situ forest stands, progeny and provenance test populations, seed orchard and clone banks, and gene conservation in-facility. As a tool for low temperature storage, several aspects on in vitro system were studied ; (1) establishment of in vitro cultures from juvenile and/or rejuvenated tissues, (2) induction of multiple shoots from the individual micropropagules, (3) elongation of the proliferated shoots. Studies on cold storage for short-and long-term maintenance of in vitro cultures under $4^{\circ}C$ in the refrigerator were conducted. For the cryopreservation at $-196^{\circ}C$, various factors affecting survivability of the plant materials are being examined. The necessity of gene conservation of forest trees is enlarged not only to increase the adaptability for various environments but also to gain the breeding materials in the future. For effective gene conservation of forest trees, I would like to suggest followings ; 1. Forest stands reserved for other than the gene conservation purposes such as national parks should be investigated by botanical and gene-ecological studies for selecting bio-diversity and gene conservation stands. 2. Reserved forest for gene pool should be extented both economically important tree spp. and non-economical species. 3. Reserved forest for progeny test and clone bank should be systematically investigated for the use of Ex situ forest gene conservation. 4. We have to find out a new methodology of genetic analysis determining the proper and effective size of subpopulation for in situ gene conservation. 5. We should develop a new tree breeding systems for successful gene conservation and utilization of the genetic resources. 6. New method of in-facility gene conservation using advanced genetic engineering should be developed to save time and economic resources. 7. For the conservation of species with short-life span of seed or shortage of knowledge of seed physiology, tissue culture techniques will be played a great role for gene conservation of those species. 8. It is are very useful conservation not only of genes but of genotypes which were selected already by breeding program. 9. Institutional and administrative arrangements including legistlation must be necessarily taken for gene conservation of forest trees. 10. It is national problems for conservation of forest resources which have been rapidly destroyed because of degenerating environmental condition and of inexperienced management system of bio-diversity and gene conservation. 11. In order to international cooperation for exchanging data of bio-diversity and gene conservation, we should connect to international net works as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2001

The distributions and relative frequencies of the serotonin-immunoreactive cells were studied in dorsal, ventral, third and splenic lobes of developing chicken pancreas during embryonic periods (10 days of incubation to hatching) by immunohistochemical methods. The regions of pancreas were subdivided into three regions, exocrine, light and dark islets. Round and/or oval shaped serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected in all four lobes. According to developmental stages, the types of lobes and the regions of pancreas, these immunoreactive cells were showed various distributions and relative frequencies. In exocrine portions, serotonin-immunoreactive cells were found in the splenic lobes at 13-14 days of incubation, in the third lobes from 10 days to 19 days of incubation, in the ventral lobes from 10 days of incubation to hatching and in the dorsal lobes from 11 days of incubation to hatching. In pancreatic islets, these cells were detected only in the dark islets of splenic lobes at 15 and 16 day of incubation with rare frequency. In conclusion, serotonin-immunoreactive cells decreased with developmental stages in all four lobes and their relative frequencies decreased with developmental stages.