• 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.282-288
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• 2015

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to compare the RAM (reliability, availability and maintainability) value in the acquisition phase with operational period for air weapon systems. The objective is to determine if the value of RAM is sufficient in the field, and look for any difference from the target value to some extent. Methods : For a case study, the ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ training aircraft is selected. Data from the two acquisition sources are utilized. One is the operational data in domestic aircraft through research and development, and the other is the data from imported aircraft. The two different sources were collected independently and distinctly. Results : According to the analysis, the domestic aircraft shows high deviation in RAM value compare to the imported systems. This is due to the effort of continuous reliability improvement. In the aspect of maintainability, the result shows a slight deviation, and the availability meets the requirement. Conclusion : The results of this study can be used in finding a way that can be effectively applied to the sustainability in the weapon system. If the RAM performance is significantly lower than the target value, then it is necessary to improve the design activities so that they can achieve the RAM target value.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.885-894
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• 2023

Setting RAM target value for a defense system plays a crucial role in the development and design phases and the production phase as well. It is apparent that the achieved RAM target value can help maximizing the combat capability of a defense system and improving its performance throughout the system's life cycle from acquisition phase to disposal. Usually a defense system operates according to its OMS/MP (Operational Mode Summary / Mission Profile) and it consists of several subsystems which are supposed to be operated at each utilization rate under its operating conditions and the mission profiles assigned. In this study, a method of setting RAM target value is proposed for a defense system that are composed of several independent subsystems considering their utilization rates and the mission profiles assigned. And the case study of applying the proposed method of setting RAM target value to system A is dealt with.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.419-427
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• 2020

잠수함과 같은 대형 복합무기체계는 일반적인 무기체계의 램(RAM: Reliability, Availability, Maintainability) 목표 값 설정 방법을 적용 및 검증하는 것은 제한적이다. 잠수함은 소나체계, 무장체계 등 다수의 무기체계로 구성되어 있어 운용형태종합 및 임무(OMS: Operational Mode Summary/MP: Mission Profile)의 다양성, 장비의 복잡성 등의 특성을 갖는 복합무기체계이기 때문이다. 따라서 기존 무기체계의 개발사례 즉, 램 목표 값 설정 사례를 분석하고, 사례에 대한 문제점 및 제한사항을 도출하여 잠수함의 램 목표 값 설정 및 검증을 위한 개선방안을 제시하였다. 또한 잠수함은 다른 무기체계와는 달리 전 세계지역을 운용환경으로 하며, 서로 다른 운용조건 및 정비조건을 가진다. 이런 이유로, 잠수함의 램 목표 값은 구성하는 모든 구성품이 아닌, 임무 필수장비와 임무 중요장비를 중심으로 설정하고 검증해야 한다. 이에 본 연구는 잠수함건조 국방획득사업 추진시 잠수함의 체계 및 장비의 물리적인 성능요구와 더불어, 요구되는 성능 램 목표 값 설정에 대하여 검증하는 방법을 잠수함의 특성을 고려한 현실성 있는 방안을 제시하였다.

• 시스템엔지니어링학술지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2018

The purpose of RAM analysis in weapon systems is to reduce life cycle costs, along with improving combat readiness by meeting RAM target value. We analyzed the sensitivity of the RAM analysis parameters to the use of the operating system by using the Markov Process based model (MPS, Markov Process Simulation) developed for RAM analysis. A Markov process-based RAM analysis model was developed to analyze the sensitivity of parameters (MTBF, MTTR and ALDT) to the utility of the 81mm mortar. The time required for the application to reach the steady state is about 15,000H, which is about 2 years, and the sensitivity of the parameter is highest for ALDT. In order to improve combat readiness, there is a need for continuous improvement in ALDT.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.163-174
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• 2019

RAM 분석은 무기체계의 개발 목표를 제시함으로써 투입되어야 하는 재원의 범위를 결정짓는데, RAM 분석이 제대로 되지 않을 경우 사업비용의 막대한 증가를 초래할 수 있다. 개념연구 단계에서의 누적비용비율은 총 비용대비 1%미만이지만 총 수명주기비용의 65-70%가 결정되므로 탐색개발 전 단계까지 RAM 분석이 매우 중요하다. 새로운 기술에 기반한 신규 무기체계를 기존 방식의 OMS/MP로 작성하여 RAM 목표값을 산출하면, 미래 전장에서 적용될 신규 기능의 반영이 어렵다는 제한 사항이 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 무인전투차량의 사례를 중심으로 델파이기법과 베이지안 이론을 토대로 신규 기능을 반영한 인수를 도출하여 OMS/MP를 작성하는 방법을 제시한다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.547-559
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• 2023

We evaluated the applicability of machine learning techniques and the Kuz-Ram model for predicting the mean fragmentation size in open-pit mines. The characteristics of the in-situ rock considered here were uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, rock factor, and mean in-situ block size. Seventy field datasets that included these characteristics were collected to predict the mean fragmentation size. Deep neural network, support vector machine, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models were trained using the data. The performance was evaluated using the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (r²). The XGBoost model had the smallest RMSE and the highest r² value compared with the other models. Additionally, when analyzing the error rate between the measured and predicted values, XGBoost had the lowest error rate. When the Kuz-Ram model was applied, low accuracy was observed owing to the differences in the characteristics of data used for model development. Consequently, the proposed XGBoost model predicted the mean fragmentation size more accurately than other models. If its performance is improved by securing sufficient data in the future, it will be useful for improving the blasting efficiency at the target site.

• 한국국방경영분석학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2007

함정탑재 유도무기 획득시 RAM분석의 목표 값 제공과 ROC 분석의 기초자료로 제공되는 OMS/MP는 소요군에서 작성토록 되어 있으나, 함정의 특수한 환경에 따른 정량화 된 데이터획득 및 관련 작성지침이 정립되지 않아 개발자중심의 제품개발 및 신뢰성 있는 무기체계 획득이 미흡한 실정이다. OMS/MP는 미래 전장 환경과 새로운 교리에 부합된 신 무기체계의 개발에 있어서 전 평시 어떻게 운용될 것인가를 전투개발자 측면에서 체계적이고 정량적으로 기술한 수락시험의 기준이 되는 가장 핵심이 되는 부분이다. 본 연구는 무기체계 개발시 군의 적정 요구성능과 연구개발자에게 최적의 무기체계 설계개념을 제공하는 정량화된 OMS/MP 개발 및 RAM 목표 값 산출 프로세스를 제시하였으며, 이를 기반으로 한 함정탑재 유도무기에 대한 OMS/MP 작성 템플릿을 개발했다.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2005

The propose of this study investigated the reproduction of color image on a CRT monitor, for a range of different values of monitor gamma. We have used the GOG(gain-offset-gamma) model of the behavior of CRT. Color difference have been computed in a color space, based on the CIELAB color appearance model. The 133 patch defined linearly color sample and 24 patch defined printing color target were used, and were subjected to the influence of nine different gamma value. The result shows that netural color is increasing the decrease range of luminance black color than white color. These results concern correct in the context display of color reproduction.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.65-80
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• 2007

The input and output device requires precise color representation and CMS (Color Management System) because of the increasing number of ways to apply the digital image into electronic publishing. However, there are slight differences in the device dependent color signal among the input and output devices. Also, because of the non-linear conversion of the input signal value to the output signal value, there are color differences between the original copy and the output copy. It seems necessary for device-dependent color information values to change into device-independent color information values. When creating an original copy through electronic publishing, there should be color management with the input and output devices. From the devices' three phases of calibration, characterization and color conversion, the device-dependent color should undergo a color transformation into a device-independent color. In this paper, an experiment was done where the input device used the linear multiple regression and the sRGB color space to perform a color transformation. The output device used the GOG, GOGO and sRGB for the color transformation. After undergoing a color transformation in the input and output devices, the best results were created when the original target underwent a color transformation by the scanner and digital camera input device by the linear multiple regression, and the LCD output device underwent a color transformation by the GOG model.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2021

Background: Ultrasound-guided caudal epidural injection (CEI) is limited in that it cannot confirm drug distribution at the target site without fluoroscopy. We hypothesized that visualization of solution flow through the inter-laminar space of the lumbosacral spine using color Doppler ultrasound alone would allow for confirmation of drug distribution. Therefore, we aimed to prospectively evaluate the usefulness of this method by comparing the color Doppler image in the paramedian sagittal oblique view of the lumbosacral spine (LS-PSOV) with the distribution of the contrast medium observed during fluoroscopy. Methods: Sixty-five patients received a 10-mL CEI of solution containing contrast medium under ultrasound guidance. During injection, flow was observed in the LSPSOV using color Doppler ultrasonography, following which it was confirmed using fluoroscopy. The presence of contrast image at L5-S1 on fluoroscopy was defined as "successful CEI." We then calculated prediction accuracy for successful CEI using color Doppler ultrasonography in the LS-PSOV. We also investigated the correlation between the distribution levels measured via color Doppler and fluoroscopy. Results: Prediction accuracy with color Doppler ultrasonography was 96.9%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 96.7%, 100%, 100%, and 60.0%, respectively. In 52 of 65 patients (80%), the highest level at which contrast image was observed was the same for both color Doppler ultrasonography and fluoroscopy. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that color Doppler ultrasonography in the LS-PSOV is a new method for determining whether a drug solution reaches the lumbosacral region (i.e., the main target level) without the need for fluoroscopy.