• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2007

Oxytocin is a neurohypophyseal hormone which has multiple functions in mammals. Mainly, oxytocin regulates milk ejection and has an effect on uterine contraction and is related to maternal behavior. Maternal behavior is believed to be suppressed by stress and facilitated by oxytocin. In the cesarean section, oxytocin may be administrated into uterus to promote uterine involution. The present study aimed to test the effect of oxytocin into uterus on maternal behavior of rats with cesarean section. It was measured the effects on maternal behavior of oxytocin infused into uterus in rats with cesarean section as a stressor. In the first experiment, pup survival rate of between a control group and a group with laparotomy as a stress in natural parturition rats was compared. In the second experiment, survival rate for 2 weeks and maternal pup searching behavior (MPSV) were observed in one cesarean sectioned group without oxytocin and the other cesarean sectioned group with oxytocin. Infanticide was observed in stressed group in the first experiment while a normal maternal behavior was observed in a control one. In the second experiment, MPSV was only observed in a cesarean sectioned group with oxytocin and infanticide was observed in two groups except one rat which is thought to be affected by oxytocin as operated relatively late. This is the first study to show that the administration of oxytocin into uterus in the cesarean section is not involved in the regulation of maternal behavior in rats. In conclusion, this study proves the needs of oxytocin into brain in cesarean section related rats model and further study of maternal behavior list, like MPSV.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.128-132
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• 2010

Purpose: Nuclear medicine general operation room is radioactive control room which is used for the handling of radioisotope(R.I). Radioactive contamination materials must be under control and separated from general trash. With this experiments, we want to actively suggest the guideline of controling and operating radioactive contamination materials by measuring contamination degree and analyzing the causes which is not realized so far. Materials and Methods: Materials are selected from Oct. 2009 to March. 2010. salines which are used for labelling radiophamaceuticals and generator cap, saline needle cap, $^{99m}Tc$-needle cap saline vial which is generated from $^{99}Mo$/$^{99m}Tc$ generator. After measuring each surface contamination degree by survey meter, mean value and standard deviation one were solved out. Results: In result, After measuring surface contamination degree, radioactivity of saline for labelling radiophamaceuticals showed $14429{\pm}26378$ cpm (p<0.05) and in measured generators, foreign imported things showed that generator cap : $9{\pm}21$ cpm, saline vial : $17{\pm}28$ cpm. saline needle cap : $35{\pm}66$ cpm, $^{99m}Tc$-needle cap : $9{\pm}21$ cpm, saline vial $13{\pm}28$ cpm. domestic things showed that generator cap : $22852{\pm}52545$ cpm, saline needle cap : $87367{\pm}109711$ cpm, $^{99m}Tc$-needle cap : $9008{\pm}10459$ cpm, saline vial : $186416{\pm}158196$ cpm (p<0.05). Conclusion: The saline which is used for labelling, exceeded 1/10 of maximum permissible range. this is generated from radiophamaceuticals dilution procedure. and In generators, radioactive value of foreign import things showed closely background value. but which of domestic thing showed that exceeded more than 1000 values 1/10 of maximum permissible range. the causes of that is domestic generator is contaminated in manufacturing procedure. So, to dispose radioactive contamination materials which is could betaken out of, the control and operation must be radical under controlled by radioactive measuring, recording and equipping of its own. if this is kept well, we can prevent surely that radioactive waste could be disposed like as general trash.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.350-359
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to develop theme-based integrated science unit by the interdisciplinary approach and to analyze it's effects on the science achievement and the attitude towards science learning. 'Interaction' and 'Stability' were selected as the integrated themes, and the main concept and subconcept in relation to the themes were extracted from the four areas of science, and the learning contents were constructed in the integrated ways. While the main concept have relevance to subconcept in the interaction, the main concept have little relevance to subconcept in the stability. Therefore, the stability was to fit with middle school integrated science theme, but the interaction was not. The theme-based integrated science units developed was implemented in middle school, and the results are follows. First, the science achievement of group of theme-based integrated science teaching is significantly higher than those of group of traditional teaching. Second, the scores of the test of attitude toward science learning of the group of theme-based integrated science teaching is significantly higher than those of group of traditional teaching. Third, the students' perception of theme-based integrated science teaching was positive. The students have participation, interest, motivation in theme-based integrated science teaching, and students have difficulty in learning theme-based integrated science teaching.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.533-538
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• 2006

Purpose : The headache, one of the symptoms of meningitis, is related to abrupt elevation of intracranial pressure(ICP) or stimulation of intracranial nociceptive structure. However, in cases of mild elevation of ICP or normal findings of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) analysis, patients sometimes complain of headaches. Therefore, other pathways may contribute to the occurrence of headaches in aseptic meningitis or meningismus. We intend to investigate the role of substance P(SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) in aseptic meningitis or meningismus. Methods : We measured leukocyte count, the concentration of protein and glucose in CSF and ICP of patients with meningeal irritation sign. We also measured SP and CGRP levels by using immunoassay. We analyzed the relationship between the presence of headache and the value of SP and CGRP. Results : The concentrations of CGRP($18.8{\pm}10.5ng/mL$) in CSF and ICP($14.8{\pm}4.5cmH_2O$) in aseptic meningitis group were significantly higher than in those($14.1{\pm}7.4ng/mL$ and $12.0{\pm}5.1cmH_2O$, respectively) of the meningismus group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the SP levels between the two groups. In the aseptic meningitis group, the concentrations of SP and CGRP were significantly higher in the normal ICP group than in the elevated ICP group(P<0.05). Conclusion : Headaches in children with aseptic meningitis or meningismus is considered to be related to the elevation of the CSF levels of SP and CGRP.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 1984

This paper is the result of adult female mosquito and larval collection in U.S. Army Installations in Korea from 1979 to 1983. New Jersey light traps were operated for adult collection from May to October. The primary concern of this surveillance is to determine when to recommend insecticide spraying for mosquito control in the Army areas. The 5th Preventive Medicine Unit have developed an "index" level of female mosquitoes in a light trap similar to other U.S. Army Agencies in other parts of the world. When 10 female mosquitoes are reached on two consecutive trap-night, or 5 known vector females are collected, fogging is recommended in the trap areas. 1. Mosquito collections were conducted in 12 U.S. Army areas by operating 39 New Jersey light traps. Mosquitoes collected from the areas were identified to be 17 species comprising 3 genera. Anopheles sinensis (40%), Culex tritaeniorhynchus (31%), Aedes vexans nipponii (19 %) and Culex pipiens pallens (10%) appeared to be the most common species in the areas. 2. The species, population density and monthly appearance of adult mosquitoes were found to be almost the same in the all provinces involved. And Japanese Encephalitis vector mosquitoes, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, showed their seasonal fluctuation from July to September with a peak in August each year. 3. Larval habitats confirmed in the Army areas were categorized into 16 types as shown in Table 3. The mosquito larvae collected in those habitats were identified to be 15 species representing 4 genera. Most breeding sites in the Army areas were those which are activated during the wet season. 4. More mosquitoes were collected from the Kyungki Province than from the other Provinces. The reason for more collection of mosquitoes from military installations in the Kyungki Province appears to be the geographic characteristics surrounded by rice fields, marshes and other stagnant water areas.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen concentration of cultural solution, rhizobium inoculation, and planting density on nodulation, contents of total-N and allantoin-N of the plants, and contents of crude fat and protein of the seeds with 4 cultivars and 1 non-nodulation isogenic line (Hwangeumkong, Jangbaegkong, Paldalkong, Clark, non-nodulating Clark) in nutri-culture. Modulation was increased significantly by the rhizobium inoculation and decreased by the increase of nitrogen concentration of the cultural solution and planting density, and more nodule per plant was observed in Hwangeumkong than other cultivars. Total nitrogen contents of the soybean plant were higher in Hwangeumkong and Janbaegkong compared with other two cultivars, and were increased by rhizobium inoculation and the increase of nitrogen concentration of the cultural solution except in case of $R_3$ stage of non-inoculation of rhizobium, and was decreased by the increase of planting density. Allantoin nitrogen contents of stem were lower in Paldalkong compared with other cultivars and was increased significantly by the rhizobium inoculation, and thus was correlated significantly with nodulation. Allantoin-N contents were also decreased by the increase of planting density and nitrogen concentration of the solution, and was very low in case of non-nodulating isogenic line at any level of nitrogen concentration. The contents of crude fat of the seed were lower in cases of higher nitrogen concentration of the solution and more plants per pot, but no effects of rhizobium inoculation was observed. The contents of crude protein were tend to increase by the increase of nitrogen concentration, but were little effected by rhizobium inoculation and planting density.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2016

In cultivation environment, various pesticides are used and some of them could be volatilized into the air. This could affect farmer's health and also cause environmental pollution. This study was carried out to investigate the volatilization of pesticides, and use the reference data for preventing farmer's pesticide intoxication and securing worker safety. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a lysimeter which was of $1m^2$ area and 1.5 m depth filled with upland soil. The pesticides treated in lysimeter soil were ethoprophos (5.0% GR), diazinon (34.0% EC), alachlor (43.7% EC), metolachlor (40.0% EC), chlorpyrifos (2.0% GR), pendimethalin (31.7% EC), carbaryl (50.0% WP), napropamide (50% WP), tebuconazole (25.0% WP) and imidacloprid (2.0% GR). Each pesticide was treated at a concentration of 770.5 mg based on A.I (%). The recovery of pesticide ranged from 77.4 to 99.3%. The volatilized pesticides in air were collected by personal air sampler with PUF tube at 4 l/min flow rate. In addition, temperature and humidity were measured. The collected samples were extracted using acetone in a soxhlet apparatus for 8 hours. The extracted pesticides were resoluted with acetonitrile and diluted 5 times. It was analyzed with LC-MS/MS. For 720 hours experiment, the largest vaporization amount of each pesticide in air was ethoprophos $15.24{\mu}g/m^3$, diazinon $5.14{\mu}g/m^3$, pendimethalin $2.70{\mu}g/m^3$, chlorpyrifos $1.76{\mu}g/m^3$, alachlor $1.40{\mu}g/m^3$, metolachlor $1.12{\mu}g/m^3$, carbaryl $0.27{\mu}g/m^3$, napropamide $0.22{\mu}g/m^3$, tebuconazole $0.11{\mu}g/m^3$ and imidacloprid $0.05{\mu}g/m^3$. The R value (coefficient of correlation) between volatilization and vapor pressure of pesticides is higher than 0.99. Therefore, there is high correlation between volatilization and vapor pressure of pesticides.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1991

This paper describes the fish-density dependence of the mean backscattering strength with aggregations of encaged, free-swimming fish of known density in relation to the experimental verification of echo-integration technique for estimating the density of fish shoals. In this experiment, various numbers of gold crussian, Carassius burgeri burgeri, with a mean length of 18.5cm and a mean weight of 205.9g, were introduced into a net cage of approximately 0.76m super(3). During the backscattering measurements. the cage was suspended on the sound axis of the 50kHz transducer having a beam width of 33 degrees at -3dB downpoints. The volume backscattering strengths from fish aggregations were measured as a function of fish density. Data acquisition, processing and analysis were performed by means of the microcomputer-based sonar-echo processor including a FFT analyzer. The calibration of echo-sounder system was carried out at field with a steel ball bearing of 38mm in diameter having the target strength of -40.8dB. The dorsal-aspect target strengths on anesthetized specimens of gold crussian used in the cage experiment were measured and compared with the target strength predicted by the fish density-echo energy relationship for aggregations of free-swimming gold crussian in the cage. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The target strengths in the dorsal aspect on anesthetized specimens of gold crussian, with the mean length of 19.1cm and the mean weight of 210.5g, varied from -40.9dB to -44.8dB with a mean of -42.6dB. This mean target strength did not differ significantly from that predicted by the regression of echo energy on fish density of free-swimming gold crussian in the cage. It suggests that the target-strength measurements on anesthetized fish was valid and can be representative for live, free-swimming fish. 2. The relationship between mean backscattering strength(, dB) and distribution density of gold $crussian(\rho, $ fish/m super(3)) was expressed by the following equation; =-41.9+11 $Log(\rho)$ with a correlation coefficient of 0.97. This result support the existence of a linear relationship between fish density and echo energy, but suggest that this line has steeper slope than the regression by the theory of estimating the density of fish schools.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 1974

It was planned to evaluate the influence of Panax Ginseng upon hepatic DNA synthesis in mice by observing incorporation of $[^3H]$ thymidine into the tissue cells. Thirty male mice$(body\;weight:\;18{\sim}20\;g)$ were divided equally into the ginseng and the saline groups. Each animal of the ginseng and the saline groups received every day (subcutaneously) 0.05 m1/10 g body weight of ginseng extract (4mg of ginseng alcohol extract in 1 ml of saline) and the same amount of saline, respectively, for 5 days. On the 5th experimental day, all animals received $1\;{\mu}Ci/g$ body weight of $[^3H]$ thymidine intraperitoneally 2 hours after the last medication. Five animals, at a lime, of each group were sacrificed 1, 10, and 24 hours after thymidine administration, and their hepatic radioactivity was measured autoradiographically in terms of the % number of radioactive cells in 1,000 cell counts (Radioactive Index, R.I.). Following results were obtained: 1. The hepatic radioactive indices obtained from the saline group 1, 10, and 24 hour after $[^3H]$ thymidine administration were $3.23{\pm}0.23,\;5.20{\pm}0.21,\;and\;6.00{\pm}0.30\;(mean{\pm}S.D.)$, respectively. 2. The corresponding values obtained from the ginseng group $(4.22{\pm}0.33,\;6.32{\pm}0.32,\;and\;7.42{\pm}0.35)$ were significant higher than the values of the saline group. The inference from the above results was that the ginseng facilitated hepatic DNA synthesis.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1992 no.05
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• pp.27-47
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• 1992

Engineers have developed new instruments that aid in diagnosis and therapy Ultrasonic imaging has provided a nondamaging method of imaging internal organs. A complex transducer emits ultrasonic waves at many angles and reconstructs a map of internal anatomy and also velocities of blood in vessels. Fast computed tomography permits reconstruction of the 3-dimensional anatomy and perfusion of the heart at 20-Hz rates. Positron emission tomography uses certain isotopes that produce positrons that react with electrons to simultaneously emit two gamma rays in opposite directions. It locates the region of origin by using a ring of discrete scintillation detectors, each in electronic coincidence with an opposing detector. In magnetic resonance imaging, the patient is placed in a very strong magnetic field. The precessing of the hydrogen atoms is perturbed by an interrogating field to yield two-dimensional images of soft tissue having exceptional clarity. As an alternative to radiology image processing, film archiving, and retrieval, picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are being implemented. Images from computed radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and ultrasound are digitized, transmitted, and stored in computers for retrieval at distributed work stations. In electrical impedance tomography, electrodes are placed around the thorax. 50-kHz current is injected between two electrodes and voltages are measured on all other electrodes. A computer processes the data to yield an image of the resistivity of a 2-dimensional slice of the thorax. During fetal monitoring, a corkscrew electrode is screwed into the fetal scalp to measure the fetal electrocardiogram. Correlations with uterine contractions yield information on the status of the fetus during delivery To measure cardiac output by thermodilution, cold saline is injected into the right atrium. A thermistor in the right pulmonary artery yields temperature measurements, from which we can calculate cardiac output. In impedance cardiography, we measure the changes in electrical impedance as the heart ejects blood into the arteries. Motion artifacts are large, so signal averaging is useful during monitoring. An intraarterial blood gas monitoring system permits monitoring in real time. Light is sent down optical fibers inserted into the radial artery, where it is absorbed by dyes, which reemit the light at a different wavelength. The emitted light travels up optical fibers where an external instrument determines O2, CO2, and pH. Therapeutic devices include the electrosurgical unit. A high-frequency electric arc is drawn between the knife and the tissue. The arc cuts and the heat coagulates, thus preventing blood loss. Hyperthermia has demonstrated antitumor effects in patients in whom all conventional modes of therapy have failed. Methods of raising tumor temperature include focused ultrasound, radio-frequency power through needles, or microwaves. When the heart stops pumping, we use the defibrillator to restore normal pumping. A brief, high-current pulse through the heart synchronizes all cardiac fibers to restore normal rhythm. When the cardiac rhythm is too slow, we implant the cardiac pacemaker. An electrode within the heart stimulates the cardiac muscle to contract at the normal rate. When the cardiac valves are narrowed or leak, we implant an artificial valve. Silicone rubber and Teflon are used for biocompatibility. Artificial hearts powered by pneumatic hoses have been implanted in humans. However, the quality of life gradually degrades, and death ensues. When kidney stones develop, lithotripsy is used. A spark creates a pressure wave, which is focused on the stone and fragments it. The pieces pass out normally. When kidneys fail, the blood is cleansed during hemodialysis. Urea passes through a porous membrane to a dialysate bath to lower its concentration in the blood. The blind are able to read by scanning the Optacon with their fingertips. A camera scans letters and converts them to an array of vibrating pins. The deaf are able to hear using a cochlear implant. A microphone detects sound and divides it into frequency bands. 22 electrodes within the cochlea stimulate the acoustic the acoustic nerve to provide sound patterns. For those who have lost muscle function in the limbs, researchers are implanting electrodes to stimulate the muscle. Sensors in the legs and arms feed back signals to a computer that coordinates the stimulators to provide limb motion. For those with high spinal cord injury, a puff and sip switch can control a computer and permit the disabled person operate the computer and communicate with the outside world.