• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.4963-4968
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• 2014

Background: We evaluated whether providing health risk appraisal for Koreans (KHRA) in terms of 'health age' during smoking cessation program would effectively help smokers quit smoking or not. Materials and Methods: A total of 332 male smokers aged between 30-65 years old, registered for a smoking cessation program in a public health center in a city, were recruited and underwent a baseline survey from January 2010 to February 2011. They were then prospectively randomized to a conventional counseling group (n=165) or a KHRA group (n=167), and received conventional counseling or KHRA-based counseling for six months. Abstinence rates were identified through carbon monoxide measurement (at the $4^{th}$ and $24^{th}$ weeks) or urinary cotinine level (at the $12^th$ week). Results: The abstinence rate confirmed by exhaled carbon monoxide was significantly higher in the KHRA group (61.1%) than the control group (49.1%) at the $4^{th}$ week (absolute difference 12.0%, 95% CI: 1.4%-22.6%). However, there was no difference in abstinence rates between the two groups at the 12th and 24th weeks. The predicting factors of 24 week's smoking cessation success were age, older than 50 years old (OR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.16-3.52), lower Fagerstr$\ddot{o}$m Test for Nicotine Dependence score less than 4 (OR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.03-3.29), and higher Self Efficacy/Temptation score (OR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.05-3.06). Conclusions: Smoking cessation counseling with KHRA could be effective compared to conventional counseling in the short period of smoking cessation. Further study is needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of KHRA in tobacco dependence treatment and to establish the indication and target population of this tool.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.610-617
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• 2016

Purpose: Smoking cessation is strongly recommended for every smoker after ischemic stroke, but many patients fail to quit smoking. An improved smoking cessation rate has been reported with intensive behavioral therapy during hospitalization and supportive contact after discharge. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of the timely interventions for smoking cessation in men with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: Patients who participated in the timely interventions strategy (TI group) were compared with those who received conventional counseling (CC group). In the TI group, a certified nurse provided comprehensive education during admission and additional counseling after discharge. Outcome was measured by point smoking success rate and sustained smoking cessation rate for 12 months. Results: Participants, 157 men (86 of the TI group and 71 of the CC group), were enrolled. Mean age was $58.25{\pm}11.23$ years and mean initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was $4.68{\pm}5.46$. The TI group showed a higher point smoking success rate compared with the CC group (p=.003). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the TI group was 2.96-fold (95% CI, 1.43~6.13) more likely to sustain smoking cessation for 12 months than the CC group. Conclusion: Findings indicate that multiple interventions initiated during hospital stay and regular follow-up after discharge are more effective than conventional smoking cessation counseling in men with acute ischemic stroke.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.179-193
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• 2004

The potential contribution of the internet and mobile phone to smoking cessation seems huge, given that a majority of Koreans now use internet and have mobile phones. The Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare developed and has been offering an internet-based smoking cessation program from the January, 2002 and a mobile-based program from the April, 2004. Despite the anticipated effectiveness of internet and mobile-based smoking cessation programs, there is little empirical evidence regarding the efficacy of both types of programs. Therefore, this study intended to evaluate the effectiveness of an internet and a mobile-based smoking cessation program and to provide the basic database for the development of effective smoking cessation strategies for the health promotion for the whole nation. Cessation and satisfaction data were obtained from the 434 participants in both programs. The data were analysed for the comparison of quit-smoking rate and the degree of satisfaction between an internet smoking cessation program and a mobile smoking cessation program. The main results of this study were as follows: 1. For the internet program participants, there were statistically significant differences in cessation rate by gender(P<0.05) and age(P<0.01). In contrast, none of general characteristics provided statistically significant differences in cessation rate for the mobile program participants. 2. For the internet program participants, smoking related characteristics(average smoking amount and the reasons for smoking) didn't have an effect on smoking cessation. But, for mobile program participants, there was a statistically significant difference in cessation rate by the reasons for smoking(P<0.05). 3. The cessation rate was 31.9%(abstinence for the previous 30 days) for internet program participants and 17.8% for mobile program participants.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.61-70
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a hospital-based smoking cessation intervention for increasing continuous abstinence rate from smoking in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods: One-hundred and two smokers with cerebral infarction who decided to quit smoking were enrolled in the smoking cessation intervention from December 2012 to February 2015. The smokers underwent six consecutive times of individual intervention with nurse specialist on smoking cessation including education on behavioral modification, counseling for withdrawal symptoms, and anti-smoking advice over a 12-month period. Results: Among the total participants, the continuous abstinence rate from smoking changed from 79.4% at 1 month to 60.8% at 12 months after discharge. The continuous abstinence rate from smoking after 12 months was 88.5% in participants who completed the entire program (6 times), while 51.3% in participants who did not complete the entire program (${\leq}5$ times) (P=0.001). After adjustment for general and smoking-related characteristics, complete implementation of hospital-based smoking cessation intervention was significantly associated with continuous abstinence from smoking after 12 months (odds ratio: 5.93; 95% confidence interval: 1.45-24.22). Conclusions: The hospital-based smoking cessation intervention might be effective for smoking cessation in patients with cerebral infarction, especially when the intervention was implemented thoroughly.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.417-424
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• 2015

The research of occupational injury for safety and health is a comparatively recent occurrence. As labor activities took place regarding to employee concerns in industrial uprising, human resources health was tried to enhanced as a labor safety subject. Noticing that traditional statistics approach has limitations in learning future forecasting and major factors causing occupational injuries in each industry, Korean Government initiated a quantitative systematic simulation model project to analyze how the annual injury rate has been dropped and stays in a level for recent years. From this motivation and the project, system dynamics models have been developed to explain the mechanisms for reducing annual injury rate, and the mechanisms quantitatively. The main cause effects for the reduction of annual injury rate were due to the government driven investment on safety facilities. In overall viewpoint the gain achievable from these efforts has been reached a saturated level. However, it could reduce the annual injury rate if you chose the industry and size carefully. The model for forecasting, major injury factors, safety budget and allocation are introduced and analyzed, and Analyzing occupational injury related factors can also reduce employee injury and disease related costs, including medical care, quit, and disability assistance costs.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was to identify the level of job stress and turnover intention and to explore the impact of job stress on turnover intention among emergency room (ER) nurses. Methods: With a correlational survey design, 155 emergency room nurses were recruited in D metropolitan city. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire including ER-related job stress, turnover intention, and subjects' characteristics from March 18 to March 26, 2013. Results: Overall mean score of job stress was $284.34{\pm}40.60$, indicating higher level of job stress. The highest job stress category was conflict related inside the hospital and transportation team, and followed by matters related the patient and the guardian, conflicts with doctors, and heavy workload. The average score of turnover intention was $15.41{\pm}3.68$, indicating higher intention to quit their jobs. There was a moderate level of positive correlation between job stress and turnover intention (r=.44, p<.001). Turnover intention was high when ER nurses had higher job stress (${\beta}$=.38), were female (${\beta}$=.22), and wished to move to another department (${\beta}$=.17). Conclusion: The most important factor of turnover intention was job stress among ER nurses. Strategies to lower turnover rate for ER nurses should be focused on seeking ways to reduce their job stress.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2003

Reliability, availability, and cost have been the major concerns for photovoltaic hybrid systems since their beginning as primary sources for much critical applications like communication units and repeaters. This paper descnbes the performance of two hybrid systems, photovoltaic-battery, wind-turbine coupled with the public-grid (PVBWG) hybrid system and photovoltaic-battery, wind-turbine coupled With the diesel generator (PVBWD) hybrid system The systems are sized to power a typical 300W/48V de telecommunication load continuously throughout the year Such hybrid systems consist of subsystems, which in turn consist of components Failure of anyone of these components may cause failure of the entire system. The reliability and availability basics, and estimation procedure for the two proposals are introduced also in this paper. The PVBWG and PVBWD system configurations are shown with the relevant mean-time-between-faIlure (MTBF) and failure rate (${\lambda}$) of each component. The characteristics equations of the two systems are deduced as a function of operating hours and the percentage of sun and wind availabilities per day. The system probability failure as well as the reliability is estimated based on the fault tree analysis technique. The results show that, by using standard or normal components MTBF, the PVBWG is more reliable and the time of periodic maintenance period is more than one year especially in the rich sites of both sun and wind, but PVBWD competes else Also, in the first five years from the system installation, the system is quit reliable and may not require any maintenance. The results show also, as the sun and wind are available, as the system reliable and available.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.82 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2019

Quitting smoking helps smokers maintain their health and extend their lifespan by 10 or more years. Treatment strategies for smoking cessation should be tailored to individual smokers with special needs based on their specific circumstances. It is recommended that pregnant women adopt smoking cessation through counseling and behavioral interventions because the safety of medications has yet to be established. Counseling is the main strategy for smoking cessation in adolescents and nicotine replacement therapy can be used with caution in individuals with serious nicotine dependence. It is important for smokers with psychiatric diseases to quit smoking following accurate assessment of their depression status. Nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, and bupropion can be used for smoking cessation in smokers with psychiatric disorders. The incidence of cardiovascular disease decreased according to the smoking status and the duration of smoking cessation. In smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who used a combination of counseling and pharmacotherapy the quitting rate was more than twice as high as subjects who used behavioral interventions alone. Varenicline can be used as the most effective anti-smoking drug by most smokers including those with psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disease, and COPD.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.673-685
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• 2021

This study aims to determine theoretically the best workers layoff/training strategy that entrepreneurs should apply to manage the COVID-19 crisis successfully. It also examines the impacts of the Saudi government's emergency measures on firm performance. The paper develops a theoretical framework in which the optimal control technics is applied to model the entrepreneur's hiring, layoff, and training behaviors. The results show that, during the current COVID-19 pandemic, the entrepreneur should first lay off the less productive workers to reduce labor costs. As more and more inefficient workers quit and profit increases, the entrepreneur starts expanding his activity and training workers. In the long run, only the training activity allows the firm efficiency to grow at a constant rate. This finding suggests that the key to long-run economic recovery in Saudi Arabia will rely on training, innovation, and adaptability to the new digital environment. The paper also shows that the Saudi government initiative of covering 60% of salaries for the small- and medium-sized entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic will enhance training activities in small- and medium-sized enterprises and improve their efficiency in both the short and long run. This policy will also prevent Saudi entrepreneurs from laying off half of their staff.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.6364-6372
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of a non-smoking program according to the stress and emotional condition of male office workers. As research subjects, 106 smokers at C company who participated in the campaign of "No Second-Hand Smoking and No Cigarette Smoke at Work" from April 25, 2011 to December, 2011 for 8 months were enrolled in this study. Apreliminary survey of the general characteristics, motivation to quit smoking, emotional condition, behavior to cope with stress, stress in life, hope, and the emotional variables of job satisfaction in the research subjects was carried out. The study undertook a pre-and-post effect analysis of the non-smoking program only with those who succeeded in quitting smoking. In terms of the general characteristics of the subjects, the success rate of quitting smoking was higher in those in their thirties and above and those who were married. No significant difference in the emotional variables was observed between those who were not successful and those who were. These results suggest that the motives for stopping smoking and effective dealing with stress or anxiety is important for male office workers to succeed in stopping smoking, based on which smoking cessation programs should be developed. In addition, the message of a smoking cessation campaign should be designed specifically for each target audience, effectively emphasizing the emotional aspects of each target group.