• 대순사상논총
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• 제47집
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• pp.1-37
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• 2023

본고에서는 한국근대의 신종교를 어떻게 이해할 것인가 하는 문제의식에서 출발한다. 신종교는 민족종교 혹은 민중종교의 성격을 지닌다. 그것은 조선사회가 근대의 역사적 전환기를 맞이하여 고취시킨 민족의식의 산물이다. 당시에 조선은 중국처럼 사회진화론의 발전사관속에 전통의 중건(重建)과 근대의 전환(轉換)과 같은 양단의 칼날에 직면해있었다. 전통의 중건은 반제국주의에 따른 민족의 계몽을 고양하는 역사적 사명감에 달려있다면 근대의 전환은 반봉건주의에 따른 민생의 계도와 민중의 교화를 도모하는 시대적 절박감에 달려있다. 본고에서는 이러한 역사적 전환기에 등장했던 신종교에 주목하고 특히 대순사상의 세계관을 집중적으로 조명한다. 그 중심적 논제 중의 하나로서 개벽의 선험주의적(先驗主義的) 문제를 집중적으로 논의한다. 대순사상의 진리는 민생을 계도하고 민중을 교화하는 현실적 인식의 종교적 차원을 지닌다. 개벽의 과정은 대순의 진리를 향해 천하대순(天下大巡)의 존재론적 시계를 확보하고 천지공사(天地公事)의 인식론적 세계를 설정하며 후천개벽(後天開闢)의 가치론적 경계에 도달하는 과정이다. 이들 삼중의 영역의 연결고리는 우주의 무궁무한적(無窮無限的) 시공간성을 천지의 틀 속에 후천의 시공간적 개벽으로 경험하는 선험주의적 노선을 특징으로 한다. 그 속에서 인간은 자신의 유한한 생명력에서 우주의 무한한 생명력을 만끽하고자 하였다. 따라서 대순사상은 후천의 개벽과 같은 선험주의적 통로를 통해 현실적 삶을 극복하고 선경과 같은 자각의식의 경계를 지향할 수 있는 것이다. 이는 초월적 관념의 세계를 추구하기보다는 현실적 세계에 참여하여 실천하려는 것이며, 따라서 소극적인 출세주의적(出世主義的) 경향보다는 적극적인 입세주의적(入世主義的) 경향을 지닌다. 결론적으로 말해, 후천의 개벽으로 특징짓는 대순사상의 진리에는 유토피아(Utopia)의 이상적 염원이나 디스토피아(Dystopia)의 현실적 혐오보다는 앞으로 희망과 기대를 갈구하는 넥스토피아(Nextopia)의 미래적 조망이 담겨있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-26
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• 1982

The main purpose of this study was to test the effect of the structured information on the sleep amount of the patients undergoing open heart surgery. This study has specifically addressed to the Following two basic research questions: (1) Would the structed in formation influence in the reduction of sleep disturbance related to anxiety and Physical stress before and after the operation? and (2) that would be the effects of the structured information on the level of preoperative state anxiety, the hormonal change, and the degree of behavioral change in the patients undergoing an open heart surgery? A Quasi-experimental research was designed to answer these questions with one experimental group and one control group. Subjects in both groups were matched as closely as possible to avoid the effect of the differences inherent to the group characteristics, Baseline data were also. collected on both groups for 7 days prior to the experiment and found that subjects in both groups had comparable sleep patterns, trait anxiety, hormonal levels and behavioral level. A structured information as an experimental input was given to the subjects in the experimental group only. Data were collected and compared between the experimental group and the control group on the sleep amount of the consecutive pre and post operative days, on preoperative state anxiety level, and on hormonal and behavioral changes. To test the effectiveness of the structured information, two main hypotheses and three sub-hypotheses were formulated as follows; Main hypothesis 1: Experimental group which received structured information will have more sleep amount than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Main hypothesis 2: Experimental group with structured information will have more sleep, amount than control group without structured information during the week following the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 1: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the level of State anxiety than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Sub-hypothesis 2 : Experimental group with structured information will have lower hormonal level than control group without stuctured information on the 5th day after the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 3: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the behavioral change level than control group without structured information during the week after the open heart surgery. The research was conducted in a national university hospital in Seoul, Korea. The 53 Subjects who participated in the study were systematically divided into experimental group and control group which was decided by random sampling method. Among 53 subjects, 26 were placed in the experimental group and 27 in the control group. Instruments; (1) Structed information: Structured information as an independent variable was constructed by the researcher on the basis of Roy's adaptation model consisting of physiologic needs, self-concept, role function and interdependence needs as related to the sleep and of operational procedures. (2) Sleep amount measure: Sleep amount as main dependent variable was measured by trained nurses through observation on the basis of the established criteria, such as closed or open eyes, regular or irregular respiration, body movement, posture, responses to the light and question, facial expressions and self report after sleep. (3) State anxiety measure: State Anxiety as a sub-dependent variable was measured by Spi-elberger's STAI Anxiety scale, (4) Hormornal change measure: Hormone as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the cortisol level in plasma. (5) Behavior change measure: Behavior as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the Behavior and Mood Rating Scale by Wyatt. The data were collected over a period of four months, from June to October 1981, after the pretest period of two months. For the analysis of the data and test for the hypotheses, the t-test with mean differences and analysis of covariance was used. The result of the test for instruments show as follows: (1) STAI measurement for trait and state anxiety as analyzed by Cronbachs alpha coefficient analysis for item analysis and reliability showed the reliability level at r= .90 r= .91 respectively. (2) Behavior and Mood Rating Scale measurement was analyzed by means of Principal Component Analysis technique. Seven factors retained were anger, anxiety, hyperactivity, depression, bizarre behavior, suspicious behavior and emotional withdrawal. Cumulative percentage of each factor was 71.3%. The result of the test for hypotheses show as follows; (1) Main hypothesis, was not supported. The experimental group has 282 minutes of sleep as compared to the 255 minutes of sleep by the control group. Thus the sleep amount was higher in experimental group than in control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (2) Main hypothesis 2 was not supported. The mean sleep amount of the experimental group and control group were 297 minutes and 278 minutes respectively Therefore, the experimental group had more sleep amount as compared to the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. Thus, the main hypothesis 2 was not supported. (3) Sub-hypothesis 1 was not supported. The mean state anxiety of the experimental group and control group were 42.3, 43.9 in scores. Thus, the experimental group had slightly lower state anxiety level than control group, howe-ver, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (4) Sub-hypothesis 2 was not supported. . The mean hormonal level of the experimental group and control group were 338 ㎍ and 440 ㎍ respectively. Thus, the experimental group showed decreased hormonal level than the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (5) Sub-hypothesis 3 was supported. The mean behavioral level of the experimental group and control group were 29.60 and 32.00 respectively in score. Thus, the experimental group showed lower behavioral change level than the control group. The difference was statistically significant at .05 level. In summary, the structured information did not influence the sleep amount, state anxiety or hormonal level of the subjects undergoing an open heart surgery at a statistically significant level, however, it showed a definite trends in their relationships, not least to mention its significant effect shown on behavioral change level. It can further be speculated that a great degree of individual differences in the variables such as sleep amount, state anxiety and fluctuation in hormonal level may partly be responsible for the statistical insensitivity to the experimentation.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.4-24
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• 2009

본 고는 강릉지역에서 발굴조사된 고고자료를 검토하여 문헌기록과 비교하면서 신라가 강릉지역으로 진출하여 재지 세력을 지배해 나가는 과정에 대해 가설을 세워 본 것이다. 강릉지역의 고고학적 양상은 신라가 처음 이 지역을 복속하고 재지세력들에 침투하는 과정을 잘 보여주는데, 필자는 이 지역의 5~6세기 고고학적 특이양상에 대해 적극적인 해석을 시도하였다. 강릉지역은 신라 진출 이전 예국이라는 읍락국가가 존재하고 있었다. 신라는 4세기 4/4분기에 처음으로 강릉지역으로 진출하였으며, 기존의 예국을 복속한 후 지역 실정에 맞게 재지세력을 통치해 나갔다. 이에 대해 고고자료와 문헌기록을 비교검토해 본 결과, 신라가 강릉지역을 복속한 후 취한 지배정책은 간접지배와 직접지배의 2단계로 나누어 볼 수 있었다. 간접지배는 다시 초입기(I 단계)와 정착기(II 단계)로 구분하였는데, I 단계는 신라가 처음 강릉지역으로 진출한 시기로 신라는 재지세력의 자치를 그대로 허용하며 간접지배를 실시하였으며, 그 시기는 4세기 4/4분기부터 5세기 2/4분기로 보았다. 그리고 II단계는 신라가 강릉지역의 재지세력들에게 위세품을 하사하여 적극적인 정책을 펼치면서 동시에 신라 중앙에 의해 강릉지역 중심세력인 초당동과 병산동 세력에게 위세품을 분여하여 서로 견제를 하게 만들어 재지세력간 힘의 균형을 통제하였다. 그 시기는 5세기 3/4분기에서 5세기 4/4분기로 추정하였다. 그러나 신라는 강릉지역을 북진의 전초 기지로 인식하고 나서는 직접지배체제로 전환하기 시작한다. 즉, 신라 중앙에서 파견한 지방관을 상주시켜 지방제도를 확립하고 재지세력에 대한 재편과정을 거쳐 중심세력을 초당동 병산동 세력에서 신라와 친연성이 가장 강한 영진리 방내리 세력으로 교체하고 강릉지역을 완전 장악하기에 이른다. 그 시기를 6세기 1/4분기부터로 보았다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.167-190
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• 2010

The research conducted here focuses on the effect of factors that affect the behavior of UCC (User Created Content) website users, other than user's rational recognition of how useful a UCC website can be. Most discussions in the existing literature on information systems have focused on users' evaluation how a UCC website can help to attain the users' own goals. However, there are other factors and this research pays attention to an individual's 'personality,' which is stable and biological in nature. Specifically, I have noted here that 'extroversion' and 'neuroticism,' the two common personality factors presented in Eysenck's most representative 'EPQ Model' and 'Big Five Model,' are the two personality factors that affect a site's 'usefulness,' by this I mean how useful does the user consider the website and its content. How useful a site is considered by the user is the other factor that has been regarded as the antecedent factor that influences the adoption of information systems in the existing MIS (Management Information System) research. Secondly, as using or creating a UCC website does not guarantee the user's or the creator's extrinsic motivation, unlike when using the information system within an organization, there is a greater likelihood that the increase in user's activities in relation to a UCC website is motivated by emotional factors rather than rational factors. Thus, I have decided to include the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable in the research model. Thirdly, when based on the S-O-R Paradigm of Mehrabian and Russell, the two cognitive factors and emotional factors are finally affected by stimulus, and thus these factors ultimately have an effect on an individual's respondent behavior. Therefore, this research has presented an assumption that the recognition of how useful the site and content is and what emotional pleasure it provides will finally affect the behavior of the UCC website users. Finally, the relationship between the recognition of how useful a site is and how pleasurable it is to useand UCC usage may differ depending on certain situational conditions. In other words, the relationship between the three factors may vary according to how much users are involved in the creation of the website content. Creation thus emerges as the keyword of UCC. I analyzed the above relationships through the moderating variable of the user's involvement in the creation of the site. The research result shows the following: When it comes to the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable it is extroverted users who have a greater likelihood to feel pleasure when using a UCC website, as was expected in this research. This in turn leads to a more active usage of the UCC web site because a person who is an extrovert likes to spend time on activities with other people, is sensitive to new experiences and stimuli and thus actively responds to these. An extroverted person accepts new UCC activities as part of his/her social life, rather than getting away from this new UCC environment. This is represented by the term 'Foxonomy' where the users meet a variety of users from all over the world and contact new types of content created by these users. However, neuroticism creates the opposite situation to that created by extroversion. The representative symptoms of neuroticism are instability, stress, and tension. These dispositions are more closely related to stress caused by a new environment rather than this creatingcuriosity or pleasure. Thus, neurotic persons have an uneasy feeling and will eventually avoid the situation where their own or others' daily lives are frequently exposed to the open web environment, this eventually makes them have a negative attitude towards the web environment. When it comes to an individual's personality and how useful site is, the two personality factors of extroversion and neuroticism both have a positive relationship with the recognition of how useful the site and its content is. The positive, curious, and social dispositions of extroverted persons tend to make them consider the future usefulness and possibilities of a new type of information system, or website, based on their positive attitude, which has a significant influence on the recognition of how useful these UCC sites are. Neuroticism also favorably affects how useful a UCC website can be through a different mechanism from that of extroversion. As the neurotic persons tend to feel uneasy and have much doubt about a new type of information system, they actively explore its usefulness in order to relieve their uncomfortable feelings. In other words, neurotic persons seek out how useful a site can be in order to secure their own stable feelings. Meanwhile, extroverted persons explore how useful a site can be because of their positive attitude and curiosity. As a lot of MIS research has revealed that the recognition of how useful a site can be and how pleasurable it can be to use have been proven to have a significant effect on UCC activity. However, the relationship between these factors reveals different aspects based on the user's involvement in creation. This factor of creationgauges the interest of users in the creation of UCC contents. Involvement is a variable that shows the level of an individual's mental effort in creating UCC contents. When a user is highly involved in the creation process and makes an enormous effort to create UCC content (classed a part of a high-involvement group), their own pleasure and recognition of how useful the site is have a significantly higher effect on the future usage of the UCC contents, more significantly than the users who sit back and just retrieve the UCC content created by others. The cognitive and emotional response of those in the low-involvement group is unlikely to last long,even if they recognize the contents of a UCC website is pleasurable and useful to them. However, the high-involvement group tends to participate in the creation and the usage of UCC more favorably, connecting the experience with their own goals. In this respect, this research presents an answer to the question; why so many people are participating in the usage of UCC, the representative form of the Web 2.0 that has drastically involved more and more people in the creation of UCC, even if they cannot gain any monetary or social compensation. Neither information system nor a website can succeed unless it secures a certain level of user base. Moreover, it cannot be further developed when the reasons, or problems, for people's participation are not suitably explored, even if it has a certain user base. Thus, what is significant in this research is that it has studied users' respondent behavior based on an individual's innate personality, emotion, and cognitive interaction, unlike the existing research that has focused on 'compensation' to explain users' participation with the UCC website. There are also limitations in this research. Firstly, I divided an individual's personality into extroversion and neuroticism; however, there are many other personal factors such as neuro-psychiatricism, which also needs to be analyzed for its influence on UCC activities. Secondly, as a UCC website comes in many types such as multimedia, Wikis, and podcasting, these types need to be included as a sub-category of the UCC websites and their relationship with personality, emotion, cognition, and behavior also needs to be analyzed.