• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.317-322
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• 2022

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), a chronic contagious disease in small ruminants. The prevalence of CLA has been reported to be >50% in Korean black goats. CLA is difficult to control due to a lack of efficient vaccines and treatment methods. Effective disinfection of the farm environment may be an alternative strategy for reducing the spread of C. pseudotuberculosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of commercial disinfectants against CLA. The six commercial disinfectants, largely composed of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium hypochlorite, potassium monopersulfate triple salt, quaternary ammonium, citric acid, and copper sulfate, were tested against five different genotypes of C. pseudotuberculosis isolated from goat farms in Korea. Efficacy tests were performed in accordance with the disinfectant efficacy test guidelines recommended by the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency of Korea with slight modifications. All disinfectants except for copper sulfate exhibited >99.99% killing efficacy under hard water conditions following 30 min of incubation, which is the recommended standard treatment time according to guidelines. The minimum bactericidal treatment time was evaluated by employing treatments for durations of 1, 5, and 15 min. The most effective compounds under hard water conditions were sodium dichloroisocyanurate, potassium monopersulfate triple salt, and sodium hypochlorite, exhibiting >99.99% killing efficacy after 1 min of treatment. In the aqueous solution forms, citric acid and the quaternary ammonium compound were the most effective, but required at least 5 min to kill >99.99% of the bacteria. The current study characterizes the killing efficacy of six commercial disinfectant active compounds against C. pseudotuberculosis. Thus, this study provides essential information regarding the efficacy of the disinfectants used to control CLA in goat farms.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2000

In order to investigate the composition, seasonal and regional variation of extractive nitrogenous components in the raw anchovy (Engraulis japonica) harvested from June 1991 to June 1992 at Nam-hae and Ki-jang in the southern coast of Korea, the contents of extractive nitrogen (EN), free amino acids (FAA), oligopeptides (OP), ATP and its related compounds (ARC), quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds were measured. The EN contents of raw anchovy were $444{\~}773\;mg/100\;g$. Thirty-four kinds of FAA were found and their total amount were $1,049{\~}2,079\;mg/100\;g$. Histidine, taurine, alanine, leucine and glutamic acid were the major free amino acids in the anchovy extracts. The amount of ARC was average $5.02\;{\mu}mol/g$, and IMP was the major compound among them, who and creatine contents in the extracts or raw anchovy were average 164 and 229 mg/100 g, respectively. The contents of glycinebetaine,${\brta}-alaninebetaine,\;{\gamma}-burobetaine$, homarine, TMA, and creatinine were extremely small. As for the regional and seasonal disparities, the Nam-hae samples contained more EN, FAA, OP, betaines and creatine than the Ki-jang samples. On the other hand the Ki-jang samples contained more ARC and TMAO. The spring samples contained more EN, FAA, OP, ARC and betaines than the autumn samples. On the other side the autumn samples contained more TAMO and creatine.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1111-1118
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• 1996

The extracts of toha, a kind of freshwater shrimp (Caridina denticulata denticulata) being cultivated in Naju district, Chonnam of Korea and jeotsaeu, a kind of seawater shrimp (Acetes japonicus) being caught in Shinan district, Chonnam of Korea, were analyzed for the taste constituents-extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds, quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds-using specimens collected from December in 1994 to November in 1995. The content of extractive nitrogen. free amino acids, oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds in toha extract was higher than that in jeotsaeu extract. On the contrary, the amount of homarine, trimethylamine oxide and trimethlamine in toha extract was lower than that in jeotsaeu extract. But in case of creatine and creatine both species showed almost the same level. Arginine, lysine, glutamine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, leucine, alanine, asparagine and glycine were the major amino acids in toha extract, while arginine, glutamic acid, proline, glutamine, lysine, leucine, glycine, alanine and taurine were the major amino acids in jeotsaeu extract. Methionine, glutamine, valine were almost the same level between the two species. As for nucleotides and related compound, AMP was the principal constituent in toha extract, and inosine was the principal constituent in jeotsaeu extract. In conclusion, the content of major nitrogenous constituents in toha extract was more abundant than that in jeotsaeu extract. So toha was more excellent raw material than jeotsaeu.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1999

In order to investigate the composition and the actual status of extractive nitrogenous compounds in the fresh 'Gae-bul' (echiuroid), a kind of echiurida (Urechis unicinctus), the extract was analyzed separately into extractive nitrogen, free amino acids (FAAs), oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds, quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds, using specimens collected at fish market in April 1988. The extractive nitrogen of echiuroid was $601{\sim}610mg/100g$. Thirty-two kinds of FAAs were found, and the total of them in it was $2,437{\sim}2,609\;mg$. Glycine, alanine, taurine, and serine were the major FAAs in the echiuroid extracts. The large amount of glycine $(1,075{\sim}1,171mg)$ was noted in the extract. The sum of ATP and its related compounds was $3.04{\sim}3.12\;{\mu}mol/g$, and predominant compound was the AMP. Besides, CTP, GTP, UTP and their related compounds were also detected, and the total amount of them was $1.92{\sim}3.74\;{\mu}mol/g$. The lower homarine, trigonelline, TMAO, TMA, and creatine were detected in the extracts. The extractive nitrogenous constituents of medium size and large size echiuroid were almost the same level each other. The total nitrogens of the compounds analyzed for each samples accounted for more than 90% of the extractive nitrogen in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.579-588
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• 2001

In order to investigate the composition and monthly variation of extractive nitrogenous components in the laver Porphyra dentata cultured at the south coast of Korea, the fresh laver was analyzed separately for the amounts of free amino acids, combined amino acids, ATP and its related compounds, and quaternary ammonium basis in fresh laver were measured. The extractive nitrogen contents of fresh laver extracts were 760~870 mg/100g (dry basis). Twenty-seven to thirty-one kinds of free amino acids were detected in the laver extracts and their total amounts were 2,404~3,966 mg/100g (on dry basis). The laver extracts showed rich in free amino acids such as alanine, taurine, glutamic acid, glutamine and aspartic acid. Sixteen to twenty-three kinds of combined amino acids were detected in the extracts and their total amounts were 1,429~2,692 mg/100g (on dry basis). Proline, glutamic acid, glycine, phosphoserine, serine were the amin combined amino acids in the extracts. The amounts of ATP and related compounds were 73.3~94.4 mg/100 g (2.04~4.43 $\mu$mol/g, on dry basis). Homarine and trigonelline were detected in all specimens but $\beta$-alaninebetaine, ${\gamma}$-butyrobetaine were found in some. Small amounts of trimethylamine were detected in all samples. Free and combined amino acids were occupying almost 90% of extractive nitrogen. Most of free and combined amino acids showed a marked monthly variation with a maximum in January and March, and a minimum in February and April. The fresh laver P. dentata did not differ much from the fresh laver P. yezoensis in qualitative com-position of extractive components, but their contents were generally low level.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2002

Cimetropium bromide, a quaternary ammonium compound which is chemically related to scopolamine, exhibits its antispasmodic activity by competing with acetylcholine for the muscarinic receptors of the smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract. The drug has been used for the treatment of various disorders involving spasms of the musculature of the gastrointestinal, biliary and genitourinary tracts. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cimetropium bromide tablets, $Algiron^{TM}$ (Boehringer Ingelheim Korea Ltd.) and $Alpit^{TM}$ (Hana Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the prior and revised guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The cimetropium bromide release from the two cimetropium bromide tablets in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty normal male volunteers, $25.25{\pm}2.10$ years in age and $65.76{\pm}6.39$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After three tablets containing 50 mg of cimetropium bromide per tablet were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cimetropium bromide in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two cimetropium bromide tablets were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using non-transformed and logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets based on the $Algiron^{TM}$ were 2.19%, -5.97% and 3.49%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $({\Delta})\;at \;{\alpha}=0.05\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ were less than 20% (e.g., 13.71 %, 19.05% and 15.11% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). The powers $(1-{\beta})\;at\;{\alpha}=0.05,\;{\Delta}=0.2\;for\;AUC_t$, $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were 97.79%, 83.22% and 95.60%, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals were within ${\pm}20%$ (e.g., $-5.84{\sim}10.21,\;-17.11{\sim}5.18\;and\;-5.35{\sim}12.33\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). There were no sequence effect between two tablets in logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., $0.94{\sim}1.10\;and\;0.85{\sim}1.05\;for\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). Two parameters met the criteria of prior and revised KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating that $Alpit^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Algiron^{TM}$ tablet.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2013

Salmonella is closely related with human health of modern society which has concern increased in livestock goods consumption as well as give economic damage throughout the chicken industry such as farm, hatchery, slaughter house and processing plant. From 2007 to 2011, this study investigated Salmonella prevalence from 200 old hen delivery trucks which deliver old egg-laying hens and broiler breeders in Korea. The prevalence of Salmonella species was 38.0% in old hen delivery truck. Serogroup C1 was the most frequently detected serogroup of Salmonella, followed by the serogroups D1, C2 and B. A total of 25 serotypes were identified and Salmonella infantis was the most frequently isolated serotype. In addition, we applied disinfectant to old hen delivery truck for the reduction of Salmonella contamination. The disinfectant consists of formaldehyde, glutaladehyde and quaternary ammonium compound was applied to the trucks. Salmonella isolation rate was significantly decreased after disinfection from 38.0% to 7.5%. Disinfectant could not effectively reduce Salmonella contamination at a dilution of 1:200 which is recommended by manufacturer, but Salmonella isolation rate was significantly decreased at a dilution of 1:50. Since old hen delivery truck could be a potential vector to carry Salmonella into farms and abattoirs, chicken delivery truck should be disinfected thoroughly and sufficiently to control contamination of farms and abattoirs.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 1996

In order to investigate the food quality of Korean chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) the composition of extractive nitrogenous components including the free amino acids, oligopeptides, nucleotides and related compounds, guanidino compounds, and quaternary ammonium bases were analyzed. The extractive nitrogen from the muscle ranged from 478 to 649 mg/100 g with little discrepancies by sex, sampling seasons and areas. The large amount of anserine was noted with fairly low level of taurine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and lysine in each extract. After Hydrolysis of the entracts remarkable increases were found in $\pi-methylhistidine,\;\beta-alanine$ from anserine and carnosine. The sum of nucleotides and related compounds of the muscle was $3.32\~9.22\;{\mu}mol/g$, and predominant compound was the inosine 5'-monophosphate. The lower glycinebetaine, $\beta-alaninebetaine$ and homarine were also found in some samples. The trimethylamine oxide content of the muscle was ranged from 107 to 148 mg, and the trimethylamine content was no move than 11 mg in all the collections. The concentrations of creatine in the muscle extracts ranged from 477 to 642 mg, and $8\~11mg$ for creatinine, respectively. The total nitrogens of the compounds analyzed for each samples accounted for more than $90\%$ of the extractive nitrogen in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.242-246
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• 2001

The quaternary thiophosphates, $A_2NiP_2S_6$ (A=Rb, Cs), have been synthesized with halide fluxes and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. These compounds crystallize in the space group $C_{2h}^5-P2_1/n$ of the monoclinic system with two formula units in a cell of dimensions a=5.960(2), b=12.323(4), $c=7.491(3)\AA$, $\beta=97.05(3)^{\circ}$, and $V=546.0(3)\AA^3$ for Rb2NiP2S6 and a=5.957(4), b=12.696(7), $c=7.679(4)\AA$, $b=93.60(5)^{\circ}$, and $V=579.7(5)\AA^3$ for $Cs_2NiP_2S_6.$ These compounds are isostructural. The structure of $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$ is made up of one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chains along the a axis and these chains are isolated by $Cs^+$ ions. The Ni atom is octahedrally coordinated by six S atoms. These Ni$S_6$ octahedral units are linked by sharing three m-S atoms of the $[P_2S_6^{4-}]$ anions to form the infinite one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chain. For $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$, the magnetic susceptibility reveals an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction below 8K,which corresponds to the Neel temperature ($T_N$). Above $T_N$, this compound obeys Curie-Weiss law. The magnetic moment, C, and ${\theta}forCs_2NiP_2S_6$ are 2.77 B.M., 0.9593 K, and -19.02 K, respectively. The effective magnetic moment obtained from the magnetic data is agreed with the spin-only value of $Ni^{2+}d^8$(2.83 B.M.) system.