• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 1993

The iontophoretic delivery across rat skin of quaternary ammonium salts (isopropamide: ISP, pyridostigmine: PS), which are positively charged over a wide pH range, was measured ill vitro. The study showed that: (a) iontophoresis significantly enhanced delivery of ISP and PS compared to respective passive transport; (b) delivery of ISP and PS was directly proportional to the applied continuous direct current density over the range of $0-0.69\;mA/cm^2;$ (c) delivery of ISP and PS was also proportional to the drug concentration in the donor compartment over the range of $0-2{\time}l0^{-2}M:$ (d) sodium ion in the donor compartment inhibited the drug transport possibly due to decreasing the electric transference number of the drug; (e) delivery of ISP and PS increased as the pH of the donor solution increased over the pH range 2-7 suggesting permselective nature of the epidermis, and inhibition of the transference number of the drugs by hydronium ion; (f) some organic anions such as taurodeoxycholate, salicylate and benzoate which form lipophilic ion-pair complexes with ISP inhibited the delivery of ISP. The degree of inhibition by the organic anions was linearly proportional to the extraction coefficient $(K_e)$ of ISP from the partition system with each counteranion between phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and n-octanol. For PS, however, taurodeoxycholate, but not salicylate and benzoate inhibited the iontophoretic delivery. It suggests that not only sodium ion and hydronium ion but also the counteranions which form lipophilic ion-pairs with quaternary ammonium drugs are not favorable components in formulating the donor solution of the drugs to achieve an effective iontophoretic delivery.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.31 no.8
• /
• pp.2289-2292
• /
• 2010

Long chain dicationic ammonium salts were used successfully as phase transfer catalyst in the condensation reactions of aromatic aldehydes in water under ultrasonic irradiation for the first time. The quaternary salt having longer distance between the cation centers was more effective than the mono- and dicationic ones having short chain.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.40-45
• /
• 1993

A solvent extraction system of copper-thiocyanate complex into various types of alkylamines such as secondary, tertiary and quaternary ammonium salt for the determination of trace copper by atomic absorption spectrometry is presented. The maximum extraction of copper shows at 0.1 M-thiocyanate and single extraction with 10 ml of 1% amine-MIBK from 50 ml of aqueous solution is enough to be quantitative for micro amounts of copper. The effect of amine diluents and of diverse ions are also examined.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.745-748
• /
• 2009

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.70-76
• /
• 2016

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) were attached to wool fibers using glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride(GTAC), which is a type of quaternary ammonium salt. GTAC, which contains an epoxy functional group that, under high temperatures, generates a ring-opening reaction with wool fibers, which contain the amine group. Then, the AgNPs are attached to the surface of the GTAC-treated wool fibers by treatment with a silver colloidal solution. The process involves the following procedures: (1) The wool fibers are immersed in the GTAC solution, followed by pre-drying at $80^{\circ}C$ and curing at $180^{\circ}C$ to induce an alteration in the chemical structure; and (2) The wool fibers treated with GTAC are immersed in the silver colloid at $40^{\circ}C$ for 120 min to chemically induce a strong attachment of the AgNPs to the wool fibers. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the influence of the concentrations of GTAC and the silver colloid, as well as the influence of the applied temperature of the silver colloid on the wool fibers, and the influence of the morphological changes in the wool fiber surfaces. As a result, the enhanced concentrations of GTAC and the silver colloid together with an elevated applied temperature of silver colloid have a tendency to increase in Ag atomic%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.14 no.3 s.35
• /
• pp.216-221
• /
• 1990

This study was performed for the development of antimicrobial finished nonwoven fabrics with water repellency. And it was aimed to examine the changes of moisture related properties and air permeability of the finished fabrics. Viscose rayon nonwoven fabrics were treated with organic silicon quaternary ammonium salt having carbon numbers of 16, which was synthesized for this study Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by shake flask method and the reactivity of antimicrobial agent was measured by degree of luminescence from inductively coupled plasma. Water repellency of treated specimen was evaluated by dynamic water absorption measurement and air permeability was measured by Frazier method. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. Excellent antimicrobial activity was obtained for the high concentration of treatment and the durability of finishing after laundering was better as the treatment concentration was higher 2. Silicon contents taken up by specimen increased with increased treatment concentration. 3. Dynamic water absortion of treated specimen decreased compared to that of untreated. And, it was lowered as the treatment of concentration increased and as the silicon content increased. 4. Moistuie regain and uptake with lapse of time of treated specimen increased compared to those of untreated. But, air permeability of treated specimen decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.335-344
• /
• 2004

In this work, the properties as polishing wax for automobile of O/W type microemulsion containing wax, liquid paraffine and quaternaryammonium salt was investigated. The microemulsions were prepared at $96{\sim}97^{\circ}C$ by the phase inversion method, and polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monooleate (POE(20)SMO) and distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(D.D.A.C) as the emulsifiers were used. The mean particle size of the rnicroemulsions was about 7${\pm}$0.5nm and as the properties of polishing wax, gloss increased degree, water resistant gloss degree, initial and final contact angle after water resistance were tested. The result was that the value of water resistantance and contact angle were decreased with increasing amount of POE(20)SMO and D.D.A.C., while the gloss degree values did not affected. And the rnicroemulsion blended with mono ethylene glycol(MEG) of 5${\sim}$15wt% showed smaller particle size and more stable particle size distribution than without MEG. Finally, this microemulsion showed more excellent values of gloss degree, the water resistant gloss degree and contact angle, than two kinds of commercial polishing wax for automobile.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 1987

Surface chemical properties including surface tension, Ross-Miles foaming power, foam stabilities, emulsifying properties, emulsion stabilities, effectiveness of dispersion, dispersion stabilites of the quaternary ammonium salt type deoxyaminoimositol derivatives such as sixteen kinds of dimethylafkyl-deoxyscyllo-inosityl- dimethylalkyl-2-deoxy-2-myo-inosityl-, dimethylakyl-2-deoxy-2-epi-inosityl- and dimethylalkyl-4-deoxy-4-myo-inosityl ammonium chlorides are tested. And critical micelle concentration of these compounds are estimated from the curves of surface tension and concentration. The experimental results show that the members of this class of compounds have necessary surface active properties to make them effective surfactants.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.119-126
• /
• 2011

In this study, reaction model and reactions rate accelerated by o-iodosobenzoate ion(IB$^{\ominus}$) on hydrolysis reaction of p-nitrophenyl valate(NPV) using ethyl tri-octyl ammonium mesylate(ETAMs) for quaternary ammonium salts, the phase transfer catalysis(PTC) reagent, were investigated. The effect of IB$^{\ominus}$ on hydrolysis reaction rate constant of NPV was weak without ETAMs solutions. Otherwise, in ETAMs solutions, the hydrolysis reactions exhibit higher first order kinetics with respect to the nucleophile, IB$^{\ominus}$, and ETAMs, suggesting that reactions are occurring in small aggregates of the three species including the substrate(NPV), whereas the reaction of NPV with OH$^{\ominus}$ is not catalyzed by ETAMs. Different concentrations of NPV were tested to measure the change of rate constants to investigate the effect of NPV as substrate and the results showed that the effect was weak. This means the reaction would be the first order kinetics with respect to the nucleophile. This behavior for the drastic rate-enhancement of the hydrolysis is referred as 'Aggregation complex model' for reaction of hydrophobic organic ester with o-iodosobenzoate ion(IB$^{\ominus}$) in hydrophobic quarternary ammonium salt(ETAMs) solutions.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.631-637
• /
• 2022

Objective: Surface disinfection is important in the proper running of livestock farms. However, disinfection of farm equipment and facilities is difficult because they are made of different materials, besides having large surface areas and complex structures. 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (Si-QAC) is a quaternary ammonium salt-based disinfectant that attaches to various surfaces by forming covalent bonds and maintains its disinfecting capacity for a considerable time. Our aim was to evaluate the potential use of Si-QAC for disinfection of farm equipment and facilities. Methods: The short- and long-term antimicrobial and antiviral effects of Si-QAC were evaluated in both laboratory and farm settings using modified quantitative assessment method based on the standard operating procedures of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Results: Si-QAC was highly effective in controlling the growth of the Newcastle disease virus and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Electron microscopy revealed that the mechanism underlying the disinfection activity of Si-QAC was associated with its ability to damage the outer membrane of the pathogen cells. In the field test, Si-QAC effectively reduced viral contamination of surfaces of equipment and space. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Si-QAC has great potential as an effective chemical for disinfecting farm equipment and facilities. This disinfectant could retain its disinfection ability longer than other commercial disinfectants and contribute to better farm biosecurity.