• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.218-224
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• 2014

This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of 5% sodium fluoride-polyvinyl alcohol (NaF-PVA) tape influencing enamel remineralization by analysing enamel surface microhardness (SMH) and variation of ${\Delta}F$ of QLF. After enamel demineralizing of specimen, these 60 specimens with average KHN of microhardness ranging from 50 to 100 and with ${\Delta}F$ of QLF ranging from -15 to -25 were divided into four groups : group 1 (control group), group 2 (NaF-PVA), group 3 (fluoride varnish, FluoroDose$^{(R)}$ varnish), group 4 (Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, Tooth mousse plus$^{TM}$). These specimens were treated with materials and then immersed in artificial saliva. We measured remineralization rate each using surface microhardness (SMH) and Quantitative light-induced fluorescence digital (QLF-D). As a result, NaF-PVA tape is better than group 1, 4 and have comparable remineralization effect with group 3 (p < 0.05).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2017

Objectives: Dental plaque is composed of 700 bacterial species. It is known that some oral microorganisms produce porphyrin, and thus, they emit red fluorescence when illuminated with blue light at a specific wavelength of <410 nm. Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the genus Porphyromonas, which is characterized by the production of porphyrin. The aim of this study was to evaluate red fluorescence emission of some oral microorganisms interacting with P. gingivalis. Methods: Five bacterial strains (P. gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Fusobacterium nucleatum) were used for this study. Tryptic soy agar medium supplemented with hemin, vitamin K3, and sheep blood was used as a growth medium. The fluorescence emission of bacterial colonies was evaluated under 405 nm-wavelength blue light using a Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence Digital (QLF-D) camera system. Each bacterium was cultured alone and co-cultured in close proximity with P. gingivalis. The red/green (R/G) ratio of fluorescence image was calculated and the differences of R/G ratio according to each growth condition were compared using the Mann-Whitney test (P<0.05). Results: Single cultured S. mutans, L. casei and A. naeslundii colonies emitted red fluorescence (R/G ratio=$2.15{\pm}0.06$, $4.31{\pm}0.17$, $5.52{\pm}1.29$, respectively). Fusobacterium nucleatum colonies emitted green fluorescence (R/G ratio=$1.36{\pm}0.06$). The R/G ratios of A. naeslundii and F. nucleatum were increased when P. gingivalis was co-cultured with each bacterium (P<0.05). In contrast, the R/G ratios of S. mutans and L. casei were decreased when P. gingivalis was co-cultured with each bacterium (P=0.002, 0.003). Conclusions: This study confirmed that P. gingivalis could affect the red fluorescence of other oral bacteria under 405 nm-wavelength blue light. Our findings concluded that P. gingivalis has an important role for red fluorescence emission of dental biofilm.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.207-220
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• 2006

The newly developed equipments for the early detection of carious lesion are LFD (laser fluorescence device), Ultrasonic diagnostic system, CLSM(confocal laser scanning microscopy), QLF(quantitative light-induced fluorescence) and DIFOTI (digital imaging fiber-optic trans-illumination) system. In this study, DIFOTI system and LFD were used for the detection of early enamel caries. Twenty five primary teeth extracted from twenty one children at around the dentitional exchanging period were selected as samples. The results obtained from DIFOTI imaging and LFD measurement were compared with those of CLSM and comprehensive evaluations were made for the diagnostic capacity of each device. In vitro test, 40 sample teeth with their buccal & lingual surface formed by a window of $2{\times}3mm$ in diameter were immersed in artificial demineralizing solution for the period of 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. The results obtained from the experimental groups (DIFOTI, LFD) were compared to control group (CLSM) and we have reached to the following conclusions. 1. The sensitivity and specificity of DIFOTI system operated in oral environment was 88.2% and 76.9% respectively. 2. The sensitivity and specificity of LFD measured in oral environment was 76.5% and 69.2% respectively. 3, Regression analysis on the light transparent rate of DIFOTI showed its decrease according to the length of primary enamel decalcification performed in vitro(r=-0.96, p<0.05). 4. No statistically significant difference between LFT measurement and the length of in vitro decalcification was found in regression analysis (p>0.05). 5. The correlation coefficient of DIFOTI image transparent rate and the lesion depth of CLMS was -0.6988 (p<0.05), whereas no statistically significant difference was found for LFD measurement.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to assess changes in remineralization by stimulated human saliva over a short period of 48 hours with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology. Materials and Methods: Bovine incisor surfaces were demineralized for 10 days. Two types of stimulated saliva were collected from 7 healthy persons. 24 hours after tooth brushing (Stimulated saliva group) and immediately after tooth brushing with 1,000 ppm NaF dentifrice (Dentifrice saliva group). The specimens were immersed in saliva and fluorescence images were obtained by QLF-digital (QLF-D $biluminator^{TM}$,) at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours fluorescence loss (${\Delta}F%$) of the lesions. A paired t-test was performed to assess fluorescence differences between before (${\Delta}F_{baseline}$) and after (${\Delta}F_{treatment\;time}$) the remineralization process. Results: Before the remineralization, the mean ${\Delta}F_{baseline}$ of the initial demineralized specimens was $-18.42{\pm}0.15$ (%). In both groups, the ${\Delta}F$ values obtained at baseline and after 2 hours were statistically significant (P < 0.001), indicating recovery of the lesions by approximately 40% after 2 hours. After 48 hours, remineralization rates were slightly higher (49%) for the stimulated saliva group than for the dentifrice saliva group (41%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: With QLF minute degrees of remineralization by saliva can be measured in periods as short as 2 hours. Additionally no significantly higher effects of remineralization were observed in the dentifrice saliva group when compared to the stimulated saliva group.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of Q-ray view (All-in-one Bio, Seoul, Korea) in detection of proximal caries in primary molars with sound marginal ridges. Thirty two children aged 3-9 years (average $5.6{\pm}1.3$ years old) were chosen, and two examiners evaluated 100 proximal surfaces of primary molars with sound marginal ridges. The teeth were examined with; (a) visual examination, (b) Q-ray view, (c) DIAGNOdent (KaVo, Biberach, Germany) and (d) digital periapical radiography. Kappa statistic was used to assess the agreement between each examination method and the degree of caries progression. The kappa values for enamel caries were 0.15 (visual examination), 0.10 (Q-ray view), 0.25 (DIAGNOdent) and 0.68 (digital periapical radiography). The kappa values for dentinal caries were 0.34 (visual examination), 0.56 (Q-ray view), 0.44 (DIAGNOdent) and 0.70 (digital periapical radiography). Although Q-ray view showed low diagnostic ability in detection of enamel caries, it was effective in detection of hidden proximal caries extended into dentin. Q-ray view would be a useful and simple device which could aid pediatric dentists in detection of hidden proximal caries in primary molars especially when examining uncooperative children or disabled persons.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.208-215
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• 2023

Background: Dental caries in preschool children can cause early loss of teeth, reduced masticatory function, malocclusion, and speech disorders, making oral care for preschool children essential. However, because children have a poor ability to perform oral hygiene by themselves, educational tools that help establish correct oral health behaviors are required. This study evaluated the effect of toothbrushing application for kids on dental plaque removal and toothbrushing interest in preschool children. Methods: Seven 5-year-old children enrolled in a daycare center participated in the evaluation, and the same children participated in the experiment twice a week. The Pokémon Smile application (App) was used as an auxiliary application for tooth brushing, and the degree of dental plaque removal on the tooth surface was evaluated by quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital imaging. After the experiment, children's toothbrushing preferences were investigated through interviews. Results: The levels of AREA R30 and AREA R70 measured after the children's toothbrushing as usual decreased compared to those before toothbrushing; however, the change was not significant. The levels of AREA R30 and AREA R70 measured after using the Pokémon Smile App were significantly reduced compared to those before toothbrushing. Children's interest in brushing their teeth increased by 28.59% after using the Pokémon Smile App. Conclusion: The toothbrushing application for kids effectively removes dental plaque by helping preschool children brush their teeth. It also increased preschool children's interest in tooth brushing. Therefore, an oral health education application would be useful for children who need to develop correct oral care methods and habits.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2017

The primary responsibility for the oral hygiene of the disabled is usually the parents. Dental care of the disabled is early detection and recovery of lesions and continuous management. For this to be successful it is necessary to use diagnostic tool that can detect the early stages of dental caries which is difficult to detect with the naked eye. It is also important to educate and motivate the caregivers on oral hygiene management. Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (Billuminator, Inspektor Researh Systems BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), which provides overall caries inspection and visual information, can be useful for caregiver education. A 3-year-old girl who was hospitalized with Pallister-Killian syndrome, Hypothyroidism visited our clinic with chief complaint of rugged upper incisors. This girl had multiple dental caries and oral hygiene was very poor. Periodic QLF-D images were taken to provide caregiver education and oral hygiene management was improved. A 13-year-old girl with cerebral palsy visited our clinic for regular check up. Using QLF-D, we explained to the parents that there is a need for treatment of dental caries, and education of oral hygiene management was conducted. Improvement of oral hygiene in the disabled can be achieved through caregiver education. QLF-D is a diagnostic device that can detects early caries by irradiating light in the visible ray area to the teeth. It can also detects microleakage of restoration, plaque and calculus without disclosing agent. Clinicians can use the QLF-D to perform a general oral examination for the disabled. Also, QLF-D can be used to store visual information and educate caregivers. The accumulation of information using QLF-D makes it possible to provide feedback on oral care of parents, which is more advantageous for caregivers education.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.317-326
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• 2011

QLF-D system composed with DSLR(digital single-lens reflex) camera, and the images of natural enamel caries and artificial caries was developed from 2 days to 14 days captured by QLF-D system. The correlation between lesion depth of the polarized microscope and luminosity ratio of QLF-D image was analyzed and the results were summarized as follows: 1. The Pearson correlation value between the lesion depth of polarized microscope images and luminosity ratio of QLF-D images was 0.969(p<0.01). 2. From Regression analysis of lesion depth from polarized image by demineralized period, the equation was y = 8.67x - 1.16(p<0.05). 3. From Regression analysis of luminosity ratio from QLF-D image by demineralized period, the equation was y = 3.53x + 6.42(p<0.05). From the results, QLF-D system can detect the enamel caries at the very early stage and can monitor the progression of demineralization and remineralization. For the convenient use of QLF-D system in the laboratory, the image analysing software was needed to analyze of interest site of enamel caries lesion.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.461-467
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Q-ray view, a novel optical device on reliability of assessing a tooth status by dental hygiene students in the training for dental hygiene process. Twenty patients were enrolled in this study. Oral examinations were conducted by both seventeen third-year dental hygiene students and a trained faculty member. Traditional visual inspection was performed in phase I and then re-examined with Q-ray view in phase II. Restoration codes and lesion codes for each tooth were recorded separately according to the predefined criteria. As a measure of reliability, percent agreement and Cohen's kappa were determined. Agreements for each intraoral regions and types of lesion and restoration were calculated. Paired t-test and Pearson chi-square test for two proportions were used to compare mean Cohen's kappa and percent agreement at each phase. For the lesion code, mean kappa values of phase II for intraoral regions were significantly greater than that of phase I (p=0.017). For the both of the lesion code and restoration code, percent agreements of phase II for each types of lesion and restoration were significantly greater than that of phase II (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Especially difference of percent agreements between phase I and II for incipient caries, caries and fracture were significant for the lesion code (p=0.046, p<0.001, and p=0.029, respectively) and for not restored or sealed, tooth-colored restoration were significant for the restoration code (p<0.001 and p=0.011, respectively). The reliability of assessing a tooth status was improved when the Q-ray view used in dental hygiene student with beginner level of expertise. Q-ray view can be a promising device for conducting and educating the dental hygiene process better.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical properties of some commercially available mouthwashes and to ascertain whether the mouthwashes accelerated mineral loss in dental enamel. Five commercially available mouthwashes were selected from the three largest malls in Korea: Perio Total 7 Aqua Cool Mint Strong $Fresh^{TM}$ (PS; LG Household & Health Care Ltd.), Garglin $Original^{TM}$ (Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), Garglin $Zero^{TM}$ (Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), Listerine Naturals $Citrus^{TM}$ (LC; IDS Manufacturing Ltd.), and Listerine Cool $Mint^{TM}$ (LM; IDS Manufacturing Ltd.). The composition, pH, and titratable acidity of the mouthwashes were investigated. Six bovine teeth specimens were prepared for each mouthwash group. Each of the six specimens was individually immersed in 30 ml aliquots of mouthwash for 1 minute, 30 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes, and the samples were placed in a $36.5^{\circ}C$ stirred incubator. The degree of mineral loss (${\Delta}F$) of the tooth surface area exposed to mouthwash, compared with normal teeth, was analyzed by quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital. The difference in ${\Delta}F$ among mouthwash groups was examined by the Kruskal-Wallis H test (${\alpha}=0.05$). The contents of mouthwashes differed between Listerine and other products, and the pH ranged from 4.09 to 6.75. The titratable acidity of PS was the lowest at 0.63 ml and highest at 9.25 ml for LM. Minor mineral loss was observed when dental specimens were immersed in the Listerine products (LC and LM) for more than 90 minutes, but the degree of mineral loss for Listerine products was not statistically significantly different from that for groups without mineral loss. In conclusion, all five commercially available mouthwashes showed no harmful effects on tooth enamel.